Khan p 241-250 Child Development and Attachment Styles Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of secure attachment in childhood on adult relationships?

It fosters a sense of security and trust in relationships. (correct)

It creates an avoidance of intimate relationships.

It leads to a lack of trust in partners.

It results in a dependency on parents.

How does insensitive parenting relate to children's attachment styles?

It exclusively leads to neglect or abuse.

It has no effect on attachment styles.

It may lead to insecure attachments in children. (correct)

It guarantees the child will develop securely.

Which parenting style is identified as the most effective?

Indulgent parenting.

Permissive parenting.

Authoritative parenting. (correct)

Authoritarian parenting.

Which of the following accurately describes permissive parenting?

Non-directive and lenient with few expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in aggressive behavior?

It facilitates the fear response, triggering aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is one biological factor that contributes to aggressive behavior?

Genetic predisposition as seen in twins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of authoritarian parenting?

Strict and frequently punishes without explanation. Signup and view all the answers

Insecure attachment with a parent during childhood typically leads to which adult behavior?

Being anxious in adult relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a securely attached child during exploration?

The child frequently checks in with the mother while exploring. Signup and view all the answers

How do securely attached children typically respond when their mother returns after leaving?

They express happiness and seek comfort from her. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior of children with insecure attachment during the Strange Situation?

They cling to the mother and avoid any exploration. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children were classified as having secure attachment in the findings?

60% Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a mother quietly leaves a room in the experiment?

The child may either keep playing or start crying depending on attachment type. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'stranger anxiety' in children?

A child's fear of unknown individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do avoidant children exhibit when their mother leaves and returns?

They are indifferent to the mother’s presence. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a behavior of children with insecure attachment types?

They may become upset when their caregiver leaves but do not calm down upon their return. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Dramaturgical Approach in social interactions?

The concept of front stage and back stage selves Signup and view all the answers

How does impression management influence social behavior?

It allows individuals to control how they are perceived by others. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'back stage' refer to in the context of the Dramaturgical Approach?

Personal life behind closed doors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of altruism according to its common definition?

It is performed without any personal gain. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'front stage' according to Goffman's study?

A public area where individuals perform according to social expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of kin selection in altruistic behavior?

Providing support to a sibling during a crisis. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of altruism is based on the expectation of future interaction?

Reciprocal altruism Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social behavior does ethnocentrism primarily relate to?

Comparing one's culture to others Signup and view all the answers

What does the empathy-altruism hypothesis propose?

High empathy leads to higher altruistic behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How might social media impact the front stage and back stage concept?

By allowing individuals to showcase their back stage self to the audience Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically start showing helping behaviors?

Around age 2 Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Dramaturgical Approach, what is the significance of the audience?

They dictate what is considered acceptable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the effort to manage how others perceive us in social situations?

Impression management Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of social support involves emotional connections?

Emotional support Signup and view all the answers

What does cost signaling refer to in the context of altruism?

Demonstrating one’s willingness to cooperate by helping others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about altruistic behavior?

People always act altruistically without any motives. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of 'Past-In-Present' discrimination?

A girl feels unwelcome in an integrated school despite the ruling of Brown vs. Board. Signup and view all the answers

How does prejudice differ from discrimination?

Prejudice refers to thoughts and attitudes, whereas discrimination involves harmful actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization is characterized by a lack of choice in membership?

Coercive Organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of bureaucracies within organizations?

To achieve maximum efficiency through rules and structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates discrimination?

Not hiring a qualified woman solely because she is a woman. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates utilitarian organizations from normative organizations?

Utilitarian organizations focus on financial profit or rewards for services. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the impact of organizations on individuals?

Membership in organizations can dictate behavior and influence social norms. Signup and view all the answers

During which era did Apartheid in Africa operate?

1948-1994 Signup and view all the answers

What type of support includes physical gestures like hugs or pats on the back?

Emotional support Signup and view all the answers

Which support involves providing financial assistance or material goods?

Tangible/instrumental support Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support helps an individual feel socially connected and engaged in activities?

Companionship support Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of good social support?

Higher likelihood of healthy behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support includes sharing knowledge or giving advice?

Informational support Signup and view all the answers

Who can provide esteem support?

Friends, family, therapists, and teachers Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a possible outcome of low social support?

Enhanced mental health Signup and view all the answers

How does social status affect interactions?

It affects levels of respect and negotiation in interactions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cloth Mother Experiment

Cloth mother acts as a secure base for monkeys
Monkeys are comfortable exploring when they know the cloth mother is there
If monkeys become anxious, they return to the cloth mother

Secure and Insecure Attachment

Young babies enjoy being passed around, but stranger anxiety emerges around 8 months
Stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers
Example: If a baby doesn't often see a grandparent, they may not want to be held by them
Some children are wary of strangers and even people they know.
Some babies don't have stranger anxiety and have a strong bond with their caregiver

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Designed to understand why some babies have stranger anxiety and others don't
Primarily focuses on mother-child interactions.
Experiment details:
- Mother and child in a room with a stranger (part of the experiment)
- Child is allowed to explore
- Neither the stranger nor the mother interact with the child
- Then the mother leaves quietly
  - The baby is left alone
  - Mother returns, with the stranger
Researchers categorized children into two groups:
- Secure attachment (60%)
  - Comfortable exploring, might return to mother at times.
  - Distressed when parent leaves, but happy to see them return
- Insecure attachment (40%)
  - Clingy to mother, don't explore
  - Remain distressed when parent leaves, and may not be comforted upon return
  - Avoidant - not upset when parent leaves and indifferent when parent returns

Parenting Styles and Attachment

Sensitive and responsive mothers tend to have children with secure attachments.
Insensitive and unresponsive mothers tend to have children with insecure attachments.

Long Term Effects of Attachment Style

Secure attachment in infancy relates to secure adult relationships.
This includes comfort with intimacy and trust in relationships.
Insecure attachment in infancy may lead to feelings of anxiety in adult relationships.

Aggression

Aggression is any behavior meant to cause harm or destruction.
Aggression can be rooted in biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors.
- Biological factors include genetics and hormone levels (testosterone).
- Psychological factors include frustration-aggression theory, which suggests frustration can lead to anger and aggression. Reinforcement modeling explains how observation of others' behaviors can influence aggression.
- Social/cultural factors include how people act in groups (de-individuation) and learned social scripts.

Altruism

Altruism is caring for the welfare of others.
Altruism is beneficial to society and individuals.

Social Support is critical in times of stress and helps during a bad day at school or work.
Kinds of social support include emotional, esteem, informational, tangible/instrumental, and companionship.
These can come from family, friends, or even online sources.

Status is a person's position in society (e.g., son, student, friend)
Status affects the types of interactions people have.
Ascribed status: given at birth (e.g., royal family member)
Achieved status: earned through effort (e.g., Olympic athlete)
- Role strain: tensions within one status (e.g., student with conflicting obligations)
- Role conflict: competing demands from different statuses (e.g., parent, friend, employee)
- Role exit: ending a role (e.g., retirement)

Primary and Secondary Groups

Primary groups involve close long-term relationships (e.g., family, close friends)
Secondary groups involve formal, impersonal, and temporary relationships for a specific purpose (e.g., work colleagues)

Dramaturgical Approach

People act to present desired social impressions.
Interaction involves "front stage" and "back stage" behaviors.
Front stage is the performance of a social role
Back stage is the private space to practice or change impressions.

Impression Management

Managing one's impression of others to achieve a desired outcome.
Example: Students may manage their impressions in relation to their teachers through various attempts to manage their performance during interactions. The students will change how they express themselves based on where they are (front or back stage).

Discrimination

Discrimination is differential treatment against certain individuals.
Individual discrimination: an individual acts to discriminate against certain groups of people.
Institutional discrimination: an organization or group acts to discriminate against certain people.

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Description

This quiz explores the impact of attachment styles during childhood on adult relationships, focusing on different parenting styles and their effectiveness. It also delves into biological factors related to behavior and emotional responses in children. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in child development and psychology.