Khan p 241-250 Child Development and Attachment Styles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of secure attachment in childhood on adult relationships?

  • It fosters a sense of security and trust in relationships. (correct)
  • It creates an avoidance of intimate relationships.
  • It leads to a lack of trust in partners.
  • It results in a dependency on parents.

How does insensitive parenting relate to children's attachment styles?

  • It exclusively leads to neglect or abuse.
  • It has no effect on attachment styles.
  • It may lead to insecure attachments in children. (correct)
  • It guarantees the child will develop securely.

Which parenting style is identified as the most effective?

  • Indulgent parenting.
  • Permissive parenting.
  • Authoritative parenting. (correct)
  • Authoritarian parenting.

Which of the following accurately describes permissive parenting?

<p>Non-directive and lenient with few expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in aggressive behavior?

<p>It facilitates the fear response, triggering aggressive behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one biological factor that contributes to aggressive behavior?

<p>Genetic predisposition as seen in twins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of authoritarian parenting?

<p>Strict and frequently punishes without explanation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insecure attachment with a parent during childhood typically leads to which adult behavior?

<p>Being anxious in adult relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a securely attached child during exploration?

<p>The child frequently checks in with the mother while exploring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do securely attached children typically respond when their mother returns after leaving?

<p>They express happiness and seek comfort from her. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior of children with insecure attachment during the Strange Situation?

<p>They cling to the mother and avoid any exploration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children were classified as having secure attachment in the findings?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a mother quietly leaves a room in the experiment?

<p>The child may either keep playing or start crying depending on attachment type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'stranger anxiety' in children?

<p>A child's fear of unknown individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do avoidant children exhibit when their mother leaves and returns?

<p>They are indifferent to the mother’s presence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a behavior of children with insecure attachment types?

<p>They may become upset when their caregiver leaves but do not calm down upon their return. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Dramaturgical Approach in social interactions?

<p>The concept of front stage and back stage selves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does impression management influence social behavior?

<p>It allows individuals to control how they are perceived by others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'back stage' refer to in the context of the Dramaturgical Approach?

<p>Personal life behind closed doors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of altruism according to its common definition?

<p>It is performed without any personal gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'front stage' according to Goffman's study?

<p>A public area where individuals perform according to social expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of kin selection in altruistic behavior?

<p>Providing support to a sibling during a crisis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of altruism is based on the expectation of future interaction?

<p>Reciprocal altruism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social behavior does ethnocentrism primarily relate to?

<p>Comparing one's culture to others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the empathy-altruism hypothesis propose?

<p>High empathy leads to higher altruistic behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might social media impact the front stage and back stage concept?

<p>By allowing individuals to showcase their back stage self to the audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically start showing helping behaviors?

<p>Around age 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Dramaturgical Approach, what is the significance of the audience?

<p>They dictate what is considered acceptable behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the effort to manage how others perceive us in social situations?

<p>Impression management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of social support involves emotional connections?

<p>Emotional support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cost signaling refer to in the context of altruism?

<p>Demonstrating one’s willingness to cooperate by helping others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about altruistic behavior?

<p>People always act altruistically without any motives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of 'Past-In-Present' discrimination?

<p>A girl feels unwelcome in an integrated school despite the ruling of Brown vs. Board. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prejudice differ from discrimination?

<p>Prejudice refers to thoughts and attitudes, whereas discrimination involves harmful actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization is characterized by a lack of choice in membership?

<p>Coercive Organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of bureaucracies within organizations?

<p>To achieve maximum efficiency through rules and structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates discrimination?

<p>Not hiring a qualified woman solely because she is a woman. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates utilitarian organizations from normative organizations?

<p>Utilitarian organizations focus on financial profit or rewards for services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the impact of organizations on individuals?

<p>Membership in organizations can dictate behavior and influence social norms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which era did Apartheid in Africa operate?

<p>1948-1994 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of support includes physical gestures like hugs or pats on the back?

<p>Emotional support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which support involves providing financial assistance or material goods?

<p>Tangible/instrumental support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support helps an individual feel socially connected and engaged in activities?

<p>Companionship support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of good social support?

<p>Higher likelihood of healthy behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support includes sharing knowledge or giving advice?

<p>Informational support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can provide esteem support?

<p>Friends, family, therapists, and teachers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a possible outcome of low social support?

<p>Enhanced mental health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social status affect interactions?

<p>It affects levels of respect and negotiation in interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Secure Attachment

A strong emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, characterized by the infant feeling secure and confident in their caretaker's presence, allowing them to explore their surroundings independently.

Insecure Attachment

A type of attachment where the infant shows an anxious or ambivalent reaction to the caregiver, struggling to navigate both seeking closeness and being upset by separation.

Strange Situation

A research technique used to study how infants react to separation and reunion with their caregiver, revealing different attachment styles.

Stranger Anxiety

The fear or distress shown by infants towards unfamiliar people, typically developing around 8 months of age.

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Securely Attached Infant

Describes a child who readily explores their environment when their caregiver is present, showing distress upon separation but being easily soothed upon reunion.

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Insecurely Attached Infant

Describes a child who displays anxious or ambivalent behavior towards their caregiver, showing distress upon separation and not easily comforted upon reunion.

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Secure Base

The infant's primary caregiver, usually the mother but can be anyone who provides consistent and responsive care.

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Exploration

The infant's ability to confidently venture out and explore their environment, knowing that their caregiver is a reliable and comforting presence.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents set strict rules, expect obedience, and use punishment to enforce their authority.

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Permissive Parenting

A parenting style characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, where parents are lenient, have few rules, and focus on being a friend to their child.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high demands and high responsiveness, where parents set clear rules and expectations, but also listen to their child's perspective and provide warmth and support.

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Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy. It can take forms like physical aggression, verbal aggression, or spreading malicious rumors.

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Amygdala

A brain structure involved in emotional processing, especially fear and aggression. Stimulation of the amygdala can trigger aggressive behaviors.

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Biology and Aggression

Biological factors that contribute to aggression, such as genetics and brain structure.

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Emotional support

Affection, love, trust, and caring. It involves listening and emphasizing, including physical support like hugs or pats on the back. It's usually provided by those closest to you like family or close friends.

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Esteem Support

Expressions of confidence or encouragement. People say things to let you know they believe in you, like praising your efforts or acknowledging your strengths.

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Informational Support

Sharing information, advice, or guidance. This can come from friends, family, or even online articles.

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Tangible/Instrumental Support

Providing financial assistance, material goods, or services. This can involve taking some of your responsibilities to help you deal with other problems.

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Companionship Support

A sense of social belonging and connection. Companionship during activities is a form of this.

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Social Support Network

The network of individuals and groups providing different types of support. This can include family, friends, pets, coworkers, partners, and community members.

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Social Status

A person's rank or standing in society. It influences interactions with others. For example, a student may feel less equal in a conversation with a professor.

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Status/Social Status Impact

Refers to the effect of a person's social position on their interactions with others. It can range from feeling equal with friends to feeling subordinate to a boss.

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Kin Selection

People act more altruistically towards close relatives than those less related to them. This might be because we are unconsciously helping to pass on our genes through our kin's reproduction.

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Reciprocal Altruism

People are more cooperative if they expect to interact with the person again in the future. This is about giving and receiving help with the expectation of future benefits.

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Cost Signaling

Giving to others, especially when publicly observed, signals to others that you have resources and are likely to be trustworthy and cooperative. This kind of altruism is a way to build social capital and improve your reputation.

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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

The hypothesis that suggests some people are altruistic due to empathy. People who are high in empathy are more likely to engage in altruistic behaviors.

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Early Developmental Trajectory

Helping behaviors begin early in development. Even newborns respond to the distress of other babies, and children as young as 2 show signs of helping behavior.

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Social Support

The support and care received from others. This can include emotional, informational, and practical support from those around you like friends, family, and communities.

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True Altruism

Helping that does not involve any obvious or direct benefit to the person offering help. Truly selfless acts, driven solely by the desire to help others.

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Altruism as a Natural Human Behavior

The idea that altruism may be a natural and innate human behavior. This is supported by observations of helping behaviors in young children and primates.

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Secondary Groups

Groups with distant relationships, such as coworkers, acquaintances, or distant family members. These relationships are often maintained for practical reasons, social obligations, or to avoid conflict.

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Dramaturgical Approach

A theoretical perspective that views social interaction as a performance. People are seen as actors, and their behavior is influenced by the social expectations and demands of the situation.

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Front Stage Self

The public persona or role we present to others when we interact with them. This includes our behavior, expressions, and appearance.

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Back Stage Self

The private self we keep hidden from the public. This includes our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that we don't share openly.

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Impression Management

The conscious effort to manage how others perceive us. We try to control the impressions we make to create a positive image of ourselves.

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Past-In-Present Discrimination

Negative past practices that continue to disadvantage people today, even if they're no longer officially allowed.

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Prejudice

Prejudiced attitudes are negative and not based on facts, forming general assumptions about an entire group.

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Discrimination

Discrimination is taking harmful actions against a minority group based on prejudice.

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Organization

Organizations are groups with a set purpose, a shared goal, and a focus on efficiency.

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Utilitarian Organizations

Organizations where members are paid or rewarded for their efforts, like businesses, government jobs, and universities.

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Normative Organizations

Organizations where members are united by shared goals and beliefs, not by pay or rewards. Examples include religious groups and MADD.

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Coercive Organizations

Organizations where members have no choice about their membership. Examples include prisons and the military.

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Bureaucracy

The set of rules, structures, and rankings used by organizations to maximize efficiency.

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Study Notes

Cloth Mother Experiment

  • Cloth mother acts as a secure base for monkeys
  • Monkeys are comfortable exploring when they know the cloth mother is there
  • If monkeys become anxious, they return to the cloth mother

Secure and Insecure Attachment

  • Young babies enjoy being passed around, but stranger anxiety emerges around 8 months
  • Stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers
  • Example: If a baby doesn't often see a grandparent, they may not want to be held by them
  • Some children are wary of strangers and even people they know.
  • Some babies don't have stranger anxiety and have a strong bond with their caregiver

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

  • Designed to understand why some babies have stranger anxiety and others don't
  • Primarily focuses on mother-child interactions.
  • Experiment details:
    • Mother and child in a room with a stranger (part of the experiment)
    • Child is allowed to explore
    • Neither the stranger nor the mother interact with the child
    • Then the mother leaves quietly
      • The baby is left alone
      • Mother returns, with the stranger
  • Researchers categorized children into two groups:
    • Secure attachment (60%)
      • Comfortable exploring, might return to mother at times.
      • Distressed when parent leaves, but happy to see them return
    • Insecure attachment (40%)
      • Clingy to mother, don't explore
      • Remain distressed when parent leaves, and may not be comforted upon return
      • Avoidant - not upset when parent leaves and indifferent when parent returns

Parenting Styles and Attachment

  • Sensitive and responsive mothers tend to have children with secure attachments.
  • Insensitive and unresponsive mothers tend to have children with insecure attachments.

Long Term Effects of Attachment Style

  • Secure attachment in infancy relates to secure adult relationships.
  • This includes comfort with intimacy and trust in relationships.
  • Insecure attachment in infancy may lead to feelings of anxiety in adult relationships.

Aggression

  • Aggression is any behavior meant to cause harm or destruction.
  • Aggression can be rooted in biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors.
    • Biological factors include genetics and hormone levels (testosterone).
    • Psychological factors include frustration-aggression theory, which suggests frustration can lead to anger and aggression. Reinforcement modeling explains how observation of others' behaviors can influence aggression.
    • Social/cultural factors include how people act in groups (de-individuation) and learned social scripts.

Altruism

  • Altruism is caring for the welfare of others.
  • Altruism is beneficial to society and individuals.

Social Support

  • Social Support is critical in times of stress and helps during a bad day at school or work.
  • Kinds of social support include emotional, esteem, informational, tangible/instrumental, and companionship.
  • These can come from family, friends, or even online sources.

Social Status and Interaction

  • Status is a person's position in society (e.g., son, student, friend)
  • Status affects the types of interactions people have.
  • Ascribed status: given at birth (e.g., royal family member)
  • Achieved status: earned through effort (e.g., Olympic athlete)
    • Role strain: tensions within one status (e.g., student with conflicting obligations)
    • Role conflict: competing demands from different statuses (e.g., parent, friend, employee)
    • Role exit: ending a role (e.g., retirement)

Primary and Secondary Groups

  • Primary groups involve close long-term relationships (e.g., family, close friends)
  • Secondary groups involve formal, impersonal, and temporary relationships for a specific purpose (e.g., work colleagues)

Dramaturgical Approach

  • People act to present desired social impressions.
  • Interaction involves "front stage" and "back stage" behaviors.
  • Front stage is the performance of a social role
  • Back stage is the private space to practice or change impressions.

Impression Management

  • Managing one's impression of others to achieve a desired outcome.
  • Example: Students may manage their impressions in relation to their teachers through various attempts to manage their performance during interactions. The students will change how they express themselves based on where they are (front or back stage).

Discrimination

  • Discrimination is differential treatment against certain individuals.
  • Individual discrimination: an individual acts to discriminate against certain groups of people.
  • Institutional discrimination: an organization or group acts to discriminate against certain people.

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Khan Child Development PDF

Description

This quiz explores the impact of attachment styles during childhood on adult relationships, focusing on different parenting styles and their effectiveness. It also delves into biological factors related to behavior and emotional responses in children. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in child development and psychology.

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