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Questions and Answers
What age do infants typically start laughing?
What age do infants typically start laughing?
What is the term for the ability to share attention towards something with others?
What is the term for the ability to share attention towards something with others?
What emotion is NOT typically expressed by infants from birth?
What emotion is NOT typically expressed by infants from birth?
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in social learning?
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in social learning?
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What did Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys demonstrate to be a key driver of attachment?
What did Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys demonstrate to be a key driver of attachment?
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In the Strange Situation Paradigm, a child exhibiting an avoidant attachment style would react to the parent leaving the room by:
In the Strange Situation Paradigm, a child exhibiting an avoidant attachment style would react to the parent leaving the room by:
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What is the term for the sharing of subjective states, such as goals, intentions, and emotions, between two or more individuals?
What is the term for the sharing of subjective states, such as goals, intentions, and emotions, between two or more individuals?
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Secure attachment in childhood has been correlated with which of the following outcomes in later life?
Secure attachment in childhood has been correlated with which of the following outcomes in later life?
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Why are Harlow's monkey experiments considered unethical today?
Why are Harlow's monkey experiments considered unethical today?
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The term "Disorganized" attachment refers to a pattern of behavior in which the child:
The term "Disorganized" attachment refers to a pattern of behavior in which the child:
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The Strange Situation paradigm is primarily designed to assess:
The Strange Situation paradigm is primarily designed to assess:
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At what age do infants typically start to prefer their mother's voice?
At what age do infants typically start to prefer their mother's voice?
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The concept of "stability of attachment" refers to:
The concept of "stability of attachment" refers to:
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During which stage of attachment does a child start to show signs of distress towards strangers?
During which stage of attachment does a child start to show signs of distress towards strangers?
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What is the main reason for the initial bond forming between an infant and their caregiver?
What is the main reason for the initial bond forming between an infant and their caregiver?
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Once the initial bond forms, what motivates an infant to seek comfort from their caregiver, especially when stressed?
Once the initial bond forms, what motivates an infant to seek comfort from their caregiver, especially when stressed?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'Clear-cut attachment' stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'Clear-cut attachment' stage?
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What is the primary purpose of Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' paradigm?
What is the primary purpose of Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' paradigm?
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Which temperament type is characterized by being playful, having regular biological rhythms, and being calm?
Which temperament type is characterized by being playful, having regular biological rhythms, and being calm?
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What does the 'adaptability' trait in temperament refer to?
What does the 'adaptability' trait in temperament refer to?
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How does the 'threshold of responsiveness' trait influence a child's behavior?
How does the 'threshold of responsiveness' trait influence a child's behavior?
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What is a characteristic feature of the 'difficult' temperament type?
What is a characteristic feature of the 'difficult' temperament type?
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Which factor is NOT considered when determining a child's temperament?
Which factor is NOT considered when determining a child's temperament?
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According to the concept of 'goodness of fit', what should be considered to optimize a child's development?
According to the concept of 'goodness of fit', what should be considered to optimize a child's development?
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Which characteristic is associated with the 'slow to warm up' temperament?
Which characteristic is associated with the 'slow to warm up' temperament?
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Which parenting style is described as using threats for discipline and is less responsive?
Which parenting style is described as using threats for discipline and is less responsive?
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Which parenting style emphasizes high warmth and high expectations?
Which parenting style emphasizes high warmth and high expectations?
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What is a characteristic behavior of permissive (indulgent) parenting?
What is a characteristic behavior of permissive (indulgent) parenting?
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Children raised in authoritarian parenting styles typically have which of the following traits?
Children raised in authoritarian parenting styles typically have which of the following traits?
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Rejecting-neglectful parenting results in what common outcome for children?
Rejecting-neglectful parenting results in what common outcome for children?
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What negative outcomes can arise from family stress linked to economic pressures?
What negative outcomes can arise from family stress linked to economic pressures?
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Which parenting style is characterized by low warmth and high control?
Which parenting style is characterized by low warmth and high control?
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How does the authoritative parenting style affect children's academic performance?
How does the authoritative parenting style affect children's academic performance?
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What cultural aspect might influence a parent’s role in a child's life?
What cultural aspect might influence a parent’s role in a child's life?
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What is a potential outcome for children raised in permissive (indulgent) families?
What is a potential outcome for children raised in permissive (indulgent) families?
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Which style of parenting places a parent’s needs above the child’s?
Which style of parenting places a parent’s needs above the child’s?
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Flashcards
Attachment
Attachment
A deep emotional connection between an infant and caregiver that develops over time.
Stages of Attachment
Stages of Attachment
Different phases of attachment development in infants from pre-attachment to reciprocal relationships.
Pre-attachment Stage
Pre-attachment Stage
First 6 weeks where infants rely on caregivers for all needs without distress when separated.
Clear-cut Attachment Stage
Clear-cut Attachment Stage
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Stranger Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety
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Temperament
Temperament
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Three temperament types
Three temperament types
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Activity Level
Activity Level
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Rhythmicity
Rhythmicity
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Adaptability
Adaptability
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Goodness of fit
Goodness of fit
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Authoritative parenting
Authoritative parenting
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Authoritarian parenting
Authoritarian parenting
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Insecure: Anxious/Resistant
Insecure: Anxious/Resistant
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Insecure: Avoidant
Insecure: Avoidant
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Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized Attachment
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Impact of Attachment
Impact of Attachment
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
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Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity
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Joint Attention
Joint Attention
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Social Referencing
Social Referencing
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Early Emotions in Infants
Early Emotions in Infants
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Harlow's Monkeys
Harlow's Monkeys
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Social Influences in Adolescence
Social Influences in Adolescence
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Permissive Parenting
Permissive Parenting
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Rejecting-Neglectful Parenting
Rejecting-Neglectful Parenting
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Family Stress Model
Family Stress Model
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Cultural Expectations in Parenting
Cultural Expectations in Parenting
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Warmth/Responsiveness
Warmth/Responsiveness
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Externalizing Problems
Externalizing Problems
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Internalizing Problems
Internalizing Problems
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Culturally Salient Behaviors
Culturally Salient Behaviors
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Study Notes
Social and Emotional Development
- Infants learn from caregivers through intersubjectivity and social referencing, learning about others and their emotions.
- Attachment is the initial bond between caregivers and provides a sense of security.
- Temperament describes an infant's behaviors and emotional reactions, which includes personal "styles" and influences how they interact with others.
- Temperament types are easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
- Different cultural contexts affect parenting styles and expectations. Cultural expectations impact a parents' role in a child's life and behaviors, including care/warmth behaviors.
- The family stress model links economic pressures and externalizing/internalizing problems in childhood and adolescent development, including interpersonal conflict.
Models
- Children learn social behaviors by observing and imitating others (models).
- Caregivers are essential early models; later, peers and teachers become more influential.
- Attachment is impactful, and parenting styles influence a child's development.
Early Socio-Emotional Processes
- Infants demonstrate emotions like interest, distress, disgust, and happiness, from birth.
- As early as 2 months, infants display more emotions, such as anger, sadness, surprise, and fear.
- Social smiles emerge from 2 to 3 months of age.
- Infants prefer their mother's voice and show laughter by 4 months of age.
Developing a Sense of Others
- Intersubjectivity is the shared experience of subjective states, enabling individuals to understand one another's goals, intentions, and emotions.
- Newborns (as young as 1 day old) can copy facial expressions of their parents as an early form of intersubjectivity.
- Joint attention emerges at 3-6 months and shows the child's ability to share focus on something with others.
- Social referencing shows taking cues from others in unfamiliar situations.
Attachment
- Harlow's research (1950s) on infant rhesus monkeys, raised without mothers, demonstrated the importance of physical comfort over food in establishing attachment.
- Attachment involves the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver.
- Initially, attachment was linked to being fed; however, research highlighted the importance of a secure base.
- Secure attachment is a foundation for seeking comfort and support, especially during stressful situations, leading to positive outcomes.
- Attachment is stable, yet experiences play a role, with secure attachment correlating with better social skills.
- Insecure attachment can relate to problems with building/maintaining friendships.
Attachment Stages
- Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks): Infants seek contact with caregivers and are not distressed when parents leave them.
- Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 8 months): Preferences toward familiar people emerge, even with strangers.
- Clear-cut attachment (8 months to 18 months): Infants actively seek comfort from caregivers; separation anxiety develops.
- Reciprocal relationships (18-24+ months): Infants become more comfortable spending time away from their caregivers, but occasionally check in.
Secure Base and Safe Haven
- The concepts of secure base and safe haven describe the dynamic relationship between a child and their caregiver. The caregiver's signal detection and availability for comfort provide structure.
Stranger Anxiety and "Strange Situation"
- Stranger anxiety typically emerges around 8 months and involves distress with strangers.
- The "Strange Situation" paradigm, developed by Ainsworth, assesses attachment styles through observations of infants' reactions to different scenarios, including when alone with a stranger or when the caregiver returns.
- Four attachment patterns are categorized: secure, anxious/resistant, avoidant, and disorganized.
Attachment over the Lifespan
- Securely attached individuals are better able to recover from interpersonal conflicts.
- Textbook evidence shows that secure attachment correlates with a greater diligence in school, more favorable peer interactions, and better teacher evaluations.
- The stability of attachment is modest (around 0.39), highlighting the profound impact of experiences.
- Insecure attachment can relate to negative behaviors.
Temperament
- Temperament is each infant's unique pattern of behaviors and emotional reactions. Understanding these reactions provides insight into how they approach the world.
- Three primary temperament types include easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
Nine Traits of Temperament
- Activity level.
- Rhythmicity.
- Approach/withdrawal.
- Threshold of responsiveness.
- Intensity of reaction.
- Attention span.
- Distractibility.
- Adaptability.
- Quality of mood.
Influencing Factors on Temperament
- Temperament is biologically-based and interacts with experience.
- Parental sensitivity (being attuned to the infant's communication and responding moderately and appropriately) is a crucial factor.
- The environment and the child’s temperament need to be compatible ("goodness of fit") for optimal development.
Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
- Parenting styles are categorized by warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control.
- Authoritative involves high warmth/responsiveness and high expectations/control.
- Authoritarian involves low warmth/responsiveness and high expectations/control.
- Permissive/indulgent involves high warmth/responsiveness and low expectations/control.
- Rejecting/neglectful involves low warmth/responsiveness and low expectations/control.
Family Stress Model
- Economic pressures, parental distress, interparental conflict and parenting problems can stress families and lead to negative outcomes for children, including drug use, depression, academic struggles, and interpersonal difficulties.
Parenting in Diverse Cultural Contexts
- Expectations about parenting roles differ across cultures.
- Culturally relevant caregiving behaviors (like saying "I love you") vary across cultures.
- Cultural expectations regarding discipline vary.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the social and emotional development of infants and children. This quiz covers key concepts such as attachment, temperament, and the impact of cultural contexts on parenting styles. Explore how these factors contribute to a child's emotional growth and behaviors.