Social and Emotional Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What age do infants typically start laughing?

  • 4 months (correct)
  • 2 - 3 months
  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • What is the term for the ability to share attention towards something with others?

  • Intersubjectivity
  • Joint Attention (correct)
  • Social Referencing
  • Social Learning
  • What emotion is NOT typically expressed by infants from birth?

  • Disgust
  • Fear (correct)
  • Interest
  • Distress
  • Which of the following is NOT a key factor in social learning?

    <p>Social Referencing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys demonstrate to be a key driver of attachment?

    <p>Physical Comfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Strange Situation Paradigm, a child exhibiting an avoidant attachment style would react to the parent leaving the room by:

    <p>Ignoring the parent's departure and showing little distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sharing of subjective states, such as goals, intentions, and emotions, between two or more individuals?

    <p>Intersubjectivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secure attachment in childhood has been correlated with which of the following outcomes in later life?

    <p>Improved ability to recover from interpersonal conflicts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Harlow's monkey experiments considered unethical today?

    <p>They caused unnecessary stress and harm to the subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "Disorganized" attachment refers to a pattern of behavior in which the child:

    <p>Shows inconsistent behaviors and confused responses, reflecting parental instability and potentially abusive experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Strange Situation paradigm is primarily designed to assess:

    <p>The quality of the bond between a child and their primary caregiver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically start to prefer their mother's voice?

    <p>3 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of "stability of attachment" refers to:

    <p>The degree to which a child's attachment style is influenced by their environment and experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of attachment does a child start to show signs of distress towards strangers?

    <p>Clear-cut attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the initial bond forming between an infant and their caregiver?

    <p>The infant's basic needs for safety and survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once the initial bond forms, what motivates an infant to seek comfort from their caregiver, especially when stressed?

    <p>The learned expectation of comfort from the caregiver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'Clear-cut attachment' stage?

    <p>Infants become more comfortable spending time away from caregivers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' paradigm?

    <p>To observe the infant's attachment behaviors in different situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament type is characterized by being playful, having regular biological rhythms, and being calm?

    <p>Easy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'adaptability' trait in temperament refer to?

    <p>The ease with which a child adjusts to a changing environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'threshold of responsiveness' trait influence a child's behavior?

    <p>It indicates the intensity of stimulus required to elicit a response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the 'difficult' temperament type?

    <p>High activity level and negative mood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered when determining a child's temperament?

    <p>Sociocultural background (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of 'goodness of fit', what should be considered to optimize a child's development?

    <p>Aligning a child's temperament with their environmental demands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with the 'slow to warm up' temperament?

    <p>Slow to adjust but becomes adaptable over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is described as using threats for discipline and is less responsive?

    <p>Authoritarian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style emphasizes high warmth and high expectations?

    <p>Authoritative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of permissive (indulgent) parenting?

    <p>Allowing children to regulate their own lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children raised in authoritarian parenting styles typically have which of the following traits?

    <p>Poor social competence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rejecting-neglectful parenting results in what common outcome for children?

    <p>Poor impulse control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative outcomes can arise from family stress linked to economic pressures?

    <p>Interpersonal relationship strain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by low warmth and high control?

    <p>Authoritarian (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the authoritative parenting style affect children's academic performance?

    <p>Supports strong academic performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural aspect might influence a parent’s role in a child's life?

    <p>Culturally salient caregiving behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for children raised in permissive (indulgent) families?

    <p>Poor impulse control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which style of parenting places a parent’s needs above the child’s?

    <p>Rejecting-Neglectful (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Attachment

    A deep emotional connection between an infant and caregiver that develops over time.

    Stages of Attachment

    Different phases of attachment development in infants from pre-attachment to reciprocal relationships.

    Pre-attachment Stage

    First 6 weeks where infants rely on caregivers for all needs without distress when separated.

    Clear-cut Attachment Stage

    From 8 to 18 months, infants actively seek comfort and show separation anxiety from caregivers.

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    Stranger Anxiety

    Distress infants show towards strangers, starting around 8 months during the Clear-cut Attachment Stage.

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    Temperament

    An individual pattern of behaviors and emotional reactions in infants.

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    Three temperament types

    Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up, categorized by Thomas & Chess.

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    Activity Level

    Amount of movement a child exhibits.

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    Rhythmicity

    Predictability of biological rhythms like sleeping and eating.

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    Adaptability

    How easily a child adjusts to changes in the environment.

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    Goodness of fit

    The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment.

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    Authoritative parenting

    A style characterized by warmth and explaining rules.

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    Authoritarian parenting

    A discipline style using threats and strict rules.

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    Secure Attachment

    A bond where a child feels safe and comfortable with their caregiver.

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    Insecure: Anxious/Resistant

    A type of insecure attachment characterized by clinginess and distress at separation.

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    Insecure: Avoidant

    An attachment style where a child avoids the caregiver and shows little emotion.

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    Disorganized Attachment

    A confused attachment style seen in children with inconsistent and frightening caregiver experiences.

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    Impact of Attachment

    Secure attachment leads to better relationships; insecure attachment may result in social issues.

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    Social Learning Theory

    A theory by Bandura stating we learn behaviors by observing others.

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    Intersubjectivity

    The sharing of subjective states between individuals.

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    Joint Attention

    The ability to share attention toward something with others.

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    Social Referencing

    Taking cues from others in unfamiliar situations.

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    Early Emotions in Infants

    Infants express emotions like interest, distress, and happiness from birth.

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    Harlow's Monkeys

    Experiments showing that comfort, not just food, drives attachment in monkeys.

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    Social Influences in Adolescence

    Friends become the most influential social models during adolescence.

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    Permissive Parenting

    A style allowing high freedom with few demands, often indulging children's desires.

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    Rejecting-Neglectful Parenting

    A style with low demands and low responsiveness, where parents are detached and uninvolved.

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    Family Stress Model

    A framework linking economic pressures to negative outcomes like depression and substance abuse.

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    Cultural Expectations in Parenting

    Differences in parenting roles and behaviors across cultures, affecting child-rearing practices.

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    Warmth/Responsiveness

    A key aspect of parenting involving emotional support and connection with the child.

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    Externalizing Problems

    Behavioral issues like drug abuse or aggression that stem from stress or poor parenting.

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    Internalizing Problems

    Emotional issues such as depression that arise from family stress.

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    Culturally Salient Behaviors

    Parenting behaviors influenced by cultural norms, like expressions of love.

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    Study Notes

    Social and Emotional Development

    • Infants learn from caregivers through intersubjectivity and social referencing, learning about others and their emotions.
    • Attachment is the initial bond between caregivers and provides a sense of security.
    • Temperament describes an infant's behaviors and emotional reactions, which includes personal "styles" and influences how they interact with others.
    • Temperament types are easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
    • Different cultural contexts affect parenting styles and expectations. Cultural expectations impact a parents' role in a child's life and behaviors, including care/warmth behaviors.
    • The family stress model links economic pressures and externalizing/internalizing problems in childhood and adolescent development, including interpersonal conflict.

    Models

    • Children learn social behaviors by observing and imitating others (models).
    • Caregivers are essential early models; later, peers and teachers become more influential.
    • Attachment is impactful, and parenting styles influence a child's development.

    Early Socio-Emotional Processes

    • Infants demonstrate emotions like interest, distress, disgust, and happiness, from birth.
    • As early as 2 months, infants display more emotions, such as anger, sadness, surprise, and fear.
    • Social smiles emerge from 2 to 3 months of age.
    • Infants prefer their mother's voice and show laughter by 4 months of age.

    Developing a Sense of Others

    • Intersubjectivity is the shared experience of subjective states, enabling individuals to understand one another's goals, intentions, and emotions.
    • Newborns (as young as 1 day old) can copy facial expressions of their parents as an early form of intersubjectivity.
    •  Joint attention emerges at 3-6 months and shows the child's ability to share focus on something with others.
    • Social referencing shows taking cues from others in unfamiliar situations.

    Attachment

    • Harlow's research (1950s) on infant rhesus monkeys, raised without mothers, demonstrated the importance of physical comfort over food in establishing attachment.
    • Attachment involves the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver.
    • Initially, attachment was linked to being fed; however, research highlighted the importance of a secure base.
    • Secure attachment is a foundation for seeking comfort and support, especially during stressful situations, leading to positive outcomes.
    • Attachment is stable, yet experiences play a role, with secure attachment correlating with better social skills.
    • Insecure attachment can relate to problems with building/maintaining friendships.

    Attachment Stages

    • Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks): Infants seek contact with caregivers and are not distressed when parents leave them.
    • Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 8 months): Preferences toward familiar people emerge, even with strangers.
    • Clear-cut attachment (8 months to 18 months): Infants actively seek comfort from caregivers; separation anxiety develops.
    • Reciprocal relationships (18-24+ months): Infants become more comfortable spending time away from their caregivers, but occasionally check in.

    Secure Base and Safe Haven

    • The concepts of secure base and safe haven describe the dynamic relationship between a child and their caregiver. The caregiver's signal detection and availability for comfort provide structure. 

    Stranger Anxiety and "Strange Situation"

    • Stranger anxiety typically emerges around 8 months and involves distress with strangers.
    • The "Strange Situation" paradigm, developed by Ainsworth, assesses attachment styles through observations of infants' reactions to different scenarios, including when alone with a stranger or when the caregiver returns.
    • Four attachment patterns are categorized: secure, anxious/resistant, avoidant, and disorganized.

    Attachment over the Lifespan

    • Securely attached individuals are better able to recover from interpersonal conflicts.
    • Textbook evidence shows that secure attachment correlates with a greater diligence in school, more favorable peer interactions, and better teacher evaluations. 
    • The stability of attachment is modest (around 0.39), highlighting the profound impact of experiences.
    • Insecure attachment can relate to negative behaviors.

    Temperament

    • Temperament is each infant's unique pattern of behaviors and emotional reactions. Understanding these reactions provides insight into how they approach the world.
    • Three primary temperament types include easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.

    Nine Traits of Temperament

    • Activity level.
    • Rhythmicity.
    • Approach/withdrawal.
    • Threshold of responsiveness.
    • Intensity of reaction.
    • Attention span.
    • Distractibility.
    • Adaptability.
    • Quality of mood.

    Influencing Factors on Temperament

    • Temperament is biologically-based and interacts with experience.
    • Parental sensitivity (being attuned to the infant's communication and responding moderately and appropriately) is a crucial factor.
    • The environment and the child’s temperament need to be compatible ("goodness of fit") for optimal development.

    Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

    • Parenting styles are categorized by warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control.
    • Authoritative involves high warmth/responsiveness and high expectations/control.
    • Authoritarian involves low warmth/responsiveness and high expectations/control.
    • Permissive/indulgent involves high warmth/responsiveness and low expectations/control.
    • Rejecting/neglectful involves low warmth/responsiveness and low expectations/control.

    Family Stress Model

    • Economic pressures, parental distress, interparental conflict and parenting problems can stress families and lead to negative outcomes for children, including drug use, depression, academic struggles, and interpersonal difficulties.

    Parenting in Diverse Cultural Contexts

    • Expectations about parenting roles differ across cultures.
    • Culturally relevant caregiving behaviors (like saying "I love you") vary across cultures.
    • Cultural expectations regarding discipline vary.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the social and emotional development of infants and children. This quiz covers key concepts such as attachment, temperament, and the impact of cultural contexts on parenting styles. Explore how these factors contribute to a child's emotional growth and behaviors.

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