CH 11 PPTX

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of cancer called?

Oncology

What is a characteristic of malignant cells?

They are poorly constructed and fast growing

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

Control center, containing DNA

What is the result of a mistake in the DNA code?

The resulting protein does not function normally Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a change in the DNA code?

Genetic mutation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all cancers are related to genetics?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

How many types of cancer are there?

Over 100 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diet is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer?

High fat, low fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of like cells of the same structure?

Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of long-term estrogen use?

Increased risk of breast, uterine, ovarian, cervical, and vaginal cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is associated with an increased risk of esophageal or stomach cancer?

Salt-preserved, smoked, or charbroiled foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of a Mediterranean diet?

Prevention of breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic testing done for cancer patients?

To determine the risk of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is associated with a diet low in vitamin A, C, and E?

Lung, esophageal, mouth, larynx, cervix, and breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of estrogen and progesterone receptor status?

Determines the effectiveness of hormone therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason to use combination chemotherapy?

To act on different points in the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

When can chemotherapy be used?

Both pre-operatively and post-operatively Signup and view all the answers

How is the dosage of chemotherapy usually based?

The patient's Body Surface Area (BSA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of colony stimulating factors?

To stimulate the production of white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest point of blood cell counts after chemotherapy?

Nadir Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of erythropoietin stimulating agents?

To reduce the risk of anemia Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use safe storage and handling of chemotherapy drugs?

To prevent toxicity to the patient Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to flush the toilet twice after chemotherapy?

To prevent the risk of toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presenting symptom of Small Cell Lung Cancer?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic tool for Colorectal Cancer?

Colonoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical site of metastasis for Liver Cancer?

Primary liver cancer is rare Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presenting symptom of Breast Cancer?

Breast changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic tool for Ovarian Cancer?

Imaging tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Hypercalcemia?

Hydration and IV medications Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using Cytoprotective Agents in chemotherapy?

To protect healthy cells from some side effects of chemo Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using Scalp cooling in cancer patients?

To prevent hair loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the BITES assessment in cancer patients?

To monitor the patient's symptoms and side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using Dexrazoxane in chemotherapy?

To protect the heart from doxorubicin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using Neutropenic Precautions in cancer patients?

To prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of hospice care in cancer patients?

To treat the pain and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using Amifostine in chemotherapy?

To protect the kidneys from platinum-based chemotherapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using Interferons in cancer patients?

To stimulate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancers in the US occur in patients over 55 years old?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer has the highest incidence in women?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which group is at higher risk for prostate cancer?

African American males Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cancer of the skin?

Melanoma Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to develop breast cancer?

Non-Hispanic white American females Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest mortality rate in both men and women?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has a higher incidence of ALL, sarcoma, and Brain/CNS cancers?

Children ages 0-14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cancer of the blood and bone marrow?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the growth of tumors in the body?

Uncontrolled or irregular mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell that reproduces abnormally?

Neoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancers are attributed to genetics?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of benign tumors?

They do not alter the original tissue cells and organs can function normally Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diet is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer?

Mediterranean diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and organs?

Lack of contact inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the immune system in cancer prevention?

To destroy cancer cells before they replicate to form a tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of long-term estrogen use?

Increased risk of breast, uterine, ovarian, cervical, and vaginal cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers is associated with a diet low in vitamin A, C, and E?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the alteration in the genetic structure of a cell that leads to cancer?

Mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of estrogen and progesterone receptor status in breast cancer?

It determines the effectiveness of hormone therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor associated with Hepatitis B infection?

Liver cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which radiation causes cancer?

Ionizing radiation damages DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormones in cancer development?

They promote cancer growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of genetic testing in cancer patients?

It can identify individuals with a higher risk of developing certain cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between chromosomal disorders and cancer?

They increase the risk of leukemia Signup and view all the answers

At what age should women start having yearly mammograms for breast cancer screening?

40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency of colonoscopies for colon cancer screening?

Every 10 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the age at which men should start getting screened for prostate cancer?

50 Signup and view all the answers

Why do some people fail to get cancer screening?

Fear of procedures or the healthcare system Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of early cancer detection?

Better prognosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vaccines like HPV (Gardasil) or Hep B?

To prevent cancer Signup and view all the answers

What imaging technique is used in lung cancer screening for high-risk individuals?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of a healthy lifestyle for cancer prevention?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using combination chemotherapy?

To act on different points in the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual basis for determining the dosage of chemotherapy?

The patient's body surface area (BSA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of colony stimulating factors in chemotherapy?

To stimulate the production of white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest point of blood cell counts after chemotherapy?

Nadir Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of erythropoietin stimulating agents in chemotherapy?

To stimulate the production of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with improper handling of chemotherapy drugs?

Toxicity to the handler Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to flush the toilet twice after chemotherapy?

To remove any residual chemotherapy drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chemotherapy on the body?

It affects all rapidly growing cells, not just cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Cancer

Mitosis is necessary for growth and replacement of dead or damaged cells, but not all cells can divide.
Muscle cells have limited mitotic capability, and neurons lose their ability to divide shortly after birth.
Abnormal cell reproduction leads to tumors (neoplasms), which can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Benign tumors grow slowly and don't alter original tissue, while malignant tumors grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissue.

Pathophysiology of Cancer

Cancer is caused by mutations, defective division, and abnormal growth cycles.
Cancer cells are immortal, can divide indefinitely, and don't respond to normal growth controls.
Cancer cells can invade and damage surrounding tissues and organs.

Initiation, Promotion, and Progression of Cancer

Initiation: alteration in genetic structure of a cell (mutation).
Promotion: repeated exposure to carcinogens causes initiated cells to mutate.
Progression: further genetic mutations, growth, and metastasis.

Risk Factors of Cancer

Viruses: oncoviruses like Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and Hepatitis B.
Bacteria: H. pylori and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Radiation: ionizing radiation, UV rays, and radioactive materials.
Chemicals: tobacco, alcohol, and occupational exposures.
Genetics and lifestyle factors.