Chemistry of Sodium Compounds

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of Sodium Bicarbonate?

Antidote for Zinc poisoning (oral)

Respiratory stimulant (correct)

Urinary Alkalizer

Systemic Alkalizer

What condition is Sodium Chloride commonly used to prevent or treat?

Hypertension

Hypokalemia

Hyponatremia (correct)

Diarrhea

Which statement about Sodium Hydroxide is TRUE?

It is highly alkaline and caustic. (correct)

It is used as a therapeutic agent in medicine.

It is commonly used in food preservation.

It has a weak alkaline reaction with water.

Sodium Citrate is primarily recognized for what action?

Acting as an anticoagulant in blood products Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of Sodium Fluoride in dental care?

Reduces the formation of dental caries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important consideration when using Sodium Bicarbonate?

Systemic Alkalosis is a potential side effect. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized use of Sodium Bicarbonate?

CO2 Absorber Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary applications of Sodium Chloride?

Electrolyte replenisher Signup and view all the answers

An incorrect application of Sodium Hydroxide would be...

In the treatment of acute renal failure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is characteristic of Sodium Hydroxide?

Deliquescent Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contraindication for using Sodium in patients?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions is Sodium Citrate used as an anticoagulant?

Both in-vitro and in-vivo Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of using Sodium Fluoride?

Dental Fluorosis Signup and view all the answers

How is Sodium Hydroxide primarily used in saponification?

Combined with vegetable oil Signup and view all the answers

Which test indicates the presence of Citrate using Deniges’ Test?

Carmine Red for Citrate Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main uses of Sodium Iodide?

Synthesis of thyroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary use of sodium lactate?

Antacid Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted side effect of sodium nitroprusside in hypertensive crisis management?

Cyanide toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is not directly associated with sodium ascorbate's properties?

Hormone regulator Signup and view all the answers

What is sodium cyclamate primarily used for?

Artificial sweetener Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a property of sodium sulfate?

Used primarily as a saline laxative Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of sodium thiosulfate?

Management of iodine toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Sodium monofluorophosphate is primarily used in which context?

Anti-cariogenic agent Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is commonly associated with monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

Chinese restaurant syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What function does sodium borate serve in medicinal applications?

Astringent and antiseptic wash Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can sodium nitrate potentially contribute to due to its application as a meat preservative?

Gastrointestinal cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ammonium compounds is known for its role as a topical anti-infective?

Ammoniated Mercury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmacologic action attributed to ammonium salts?

Expectorant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the use of ammonium chloride?

Osmotic diuretic and systemic acidifier Signup and view all the answers

Which element shares similar behavior to potassium and has a distinct blue spectral line?

Caesium Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of ammonium carbonate in household applications?

Leavening agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of potassium as an intracellular cation?

Maintaining resting membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which potassium compound is known for its use as a systemic and urinary alkalizer?

Potassium Citrate Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a deficiency in potassium?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which potassium compound is an important source of potassium for treating hypokalemic states?

Potassium Chloride Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about potassium iodide is NOT correct?

It is always safe with no allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which potassium compound is recognized for its use in titrimetry?

Potassium Hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable effect of hyperkalemia?

Cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses potassium nitrate?

As a dental desensitizing agent Signup and view all the answers

What is one main characteristic of magnesium hydroxide that contributes to its use as an antacid?

Interaction with citric acid improves taste Signup and view all the answers

Which magnesium compound is primarily classified as a saline laxative?

Magnesium citrate Signup and view all the answers

What property makes beryllium particularly toxic compared to other metals?

Replacement of calcium and magnesium in the body Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is identified as the second most abundant extracellular cation and plays a significant role in bone structure?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended antidote for magnesium toxicity?

Calcium gluconate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes magnesium sulfate's pharmacological use in eclampsia?

Anti-convulsant Signup and view all the answers

What common application does magnesium carbonate serve, besides being an antacid?

Laxative agent Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is addressed by the pharmacological action of magnesium chloride?

Electrolyte imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable property of magnesium stearate that makes it useful in pharmaceutical formulations?

Tablet lubrication Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes magnesium hydroxide from other magnesium compounds in terms of its antacid usage?

Lower solubility leading to lesser side effects Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by bones becoming soft and easily deformed due to inadequate calcium deposition?

Osteomalacia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following calcium compounds is most commonly used as a dietary supplement?

Calcium Gluconate Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is Calcium Carbonate predominantly utilized?

Antacid formulation Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium salt is known for being a primary component of Ringer's Solution?

Calcium Chloride Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Calcium Oxide that distinguishes it from other calcium compounds?

It is not soluble in water and hydrochloric acid. Signup and view all the answers

What ratio of calcium to phosphorus does Dibasic Calcium Phosphate provide?

1:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium compound is associated with a risk of causing constipation as a side effect?

Barium Sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What application is associated with radioactive strontium in medical contexts?

Radiotherapy for cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is known to be a component of the bleach solution used for sanitation purposes?

Calcium Hypochlorite Signup and view all the answers

What is the detrimental outcome of barium inhalation in humans?

Baritosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of cuprous citrate?

As an astringent Signup and view all the answers

Which silver compound is commonly utilized in ophthalmic solutions for its prophylactic properties?

Silver Nitrate Signup and view all the answers

Which test is associated with the detection of aldehyde-containing sugars using silver?

Tollen's Test Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is caused by the accumulation of silver in the body?

Argyria Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is used as an antidote for gold toxicity?

Dimercaprol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of Bordeaux mixture?

Cupric Sulfate and Lime Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT associated with gold as a metal?

Dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which silver proteinates type is known to be a germicide for ear and throat conditions?

Strong Silver Proteinate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary use of silver sulfadiazene?

Management of wound sepsis Signup and view all the answers

Which metal is described as the 'King of all metals' due to its properties?

Gold Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solvay Process

Used for the manufacture of soda lime glass
Involves a series of reactions to produce sodium carbonate from sodium chloride

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Chemical Formula: NaH2PO4
Uses:
- Saline/Osmotic Laxative
- Urinary Acidifier
- Hypercalcemia
- Buffer

Sodium Metabisulfite

Chemical Formula: Na2S2O5
Other names: Sodium Pyrosulfite
Good reducing agent
Used as powerful preservatives

Sodium Chloride

Also known as table salt, rock salt, sea salt, solar salt, dendritic salt
Electrolyte replenisher
Used in various solutions:
- Normal Saline Solution (NSS)
- Ringer's Solution
- Lactated Ringer's Solution
- Darrow's Solution
- Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

Sodium Citrate

Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
Acts as a sequestering agent (Benedict's Reagent)
Used as an anticoagulant:
- In-vitro: for blood extraction
- In-vivo: as an anticoagulant and expectorant
Denige's Test is used to identify Citrate
- Positive result = Carmine Red

Sodium Fluoride

Chemical Formula: NaF
Protoplasmic poison - causes skin toxicity
- Painful, slow-healing burns
- Antidote: Calcium
Forms Fluoroapatite
Used as an anticariogenic agent (2%)
Side effects:
- Dental Fluorosis (in children): Mottling of teeth enamel
- Skeletal Fluorosis: Premature calcification

Sodium Hydroxide

Also known as Caustic Soda, Sosa, Liquid Sosa
Ingestion causes saponification and liquefactive necrosis
Deliquescent: Absorbs H2O and CO2 easily
Leaching: Stored in silicates or glass
Used in titrimetry as an alkalimetric titrant
Used in soap production:
- NaOH + Vegetable Oil = Bar soap/Hard soap
- KOH + Vegetable Oil = Liquid soap/Soft soap
- NaOH/KOH + Olive Oil = Castile Soap
- NaOH/KOH + Coconut Oil = Perla
- NaOH + Palm Oil = Palmolive

Soda Lime

Also known as Calx Sodica
A mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH
Used as a CO2 absorber

Sodium Hypochlorite

Chemical Formula: NaClO
NaClO solution is known as household bleach, Chlorox, Zonrox, Dakin's Solution
Uses:
- Bleaching agent
- Disinfectant (due to Hypochlorous acid)

Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions

Different concentrations:
- Dakin's Solution: 5% / 4-6%
- Labarraque's solution: Approx. 2.5%
- Modified Dakin's Solution: 0.45-0.5%
- NaClO Topical Solution: 0.025%

Sodium Iodide

Chemical Formula: NaI
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Flame test is used for identification
- Positive result: Carmine red under non-luminous flame

Flame Test

Differentiates various metals based on the color they produce under non-luminous flame
Used with Cobalt glass to modify the color observations
Metals and their colors:
- Sodium: Golden yellow
- Potassium: Violet/Purple/Lilac
- Lithium: Carmine red
- Calcium: Brick Red
- Strontium: Crimson Red
- Barium: Yellow Green
- Borates (Cu, Tl): Green
- Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu+2: Blue
- Al 3+, Ti: Brilliant White

Lithium Compounds

Lithium Bromide: Depressant, sedative
Lithium Carbonate: Brand names - Eskalith, Quilonium-R, Lithase
Lithium Citrate
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium Oral Solution

Sodium

Major/Primary extracellular cation
Promotes water retention (edema)
Contraindicated in:
- Hypertension
- Heart Failure
- Kidney Disease
Triple Acetate Test is used to identify Sodium
- Positive result: Golden Yellow precipitate

Sodium Acetate

Used as:
- Urinary and systemic alkalizer
- Diuretic
- Antacid
Esterification is the test for Acetate Ion

Sodium Bicarbonate

Also known as Baking Soda
Uses:
- Systemic Alkalizer (preferred) and Antacid
- Urinary Alkalizer (preferred)
- Antidote for Zn poisoning (oral)
Phenolphthalein Test identifies HCO3
Side effects:
- Systemic Alkalosis
- Rebound Hyperacidity
- Flatulence

Sodium Carbonate

Chemical Formula: Na2CO3
Efflorescence: Highly alkaline reaction with water
Used as:
- Primary Standard (T3 and T4)
- Expectorant (oral)
- Solubilizer of Iodine in Iodine tincture and Iodine solution (Lugol's Solution)
- Anti-fungal

Sodium Lactate

Provides raw material for the regeneration of bicarbonate in the body
Acts as an antacid and diuretic

Sodium Nitrite

Also known as Philippine Salitre
Chemical Formula: NaNO2
Toxicity: Methemoglobinemia (Antidote: Methylene Blue)
Antidote for cyanide poisoning with Na2S2O3
Used for curing meats and fish as a preservative
Adverse effects:
- Carcinogenic to brain and GIT (due to nitrosamine production)

Sodium Nitrate

Chemical Formula: NaNO3
Also known as Chile Saltpeter
Used as:
- Meat preservative (nitrosamine production)
Production: Guggenheim Process

Sodium Sulfate

Also known as Glauber's Salt, Sal Mirabile
Chemical Formula: Na2SO4
Used as a saline laxative
- Poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract

Sodium Tartrate

Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent
Used in Karl Fischer Titration: for water content determination
- Method 1: Titrimetric, KFR
- Method II: Azeotropic / Toluene Distillation
- Method III: Gravimetric
Used as a saline laxative (internal administration)
Rochelled Salt (sodium potassium tartrate)
Denige's Test identifies tartrate
- Positive result:
  - Carmine Red = citrate
  - Emerald Green = tartrate

Sodium/potassium thiocyanate

Chemical Formula: NaSCN/KSCN
Used as a hypotensive agent

Sodium Thiosulfate

Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3 - 5H2O
Also known as Sodium Hyposulfite, Primatic Rice, Photographer's Hypo, Antichlor Hypo
Good reducing reagent susceptible to air oxidation
Chemical antidote for cyanide poisoning
Used in management of Iodine toxicity
Used in iodometry as titrant for indirect titration
Removes stains of iodine

Sodium perborate

Use: Mild disinfectant
Releases O2 readily
Alternative treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis (Trench Mouth)

Sodium borate

Also known as Borax
Used in Dobell’s Solution
Uses:
- Astringent
- Antiseptic wash (throat and nose)
Not used internally

Sodium monofluorophosphate

Chemical Formula: Na2PFO3
Brand name: Colgate
Use: Anti-cariogenic agent
Alternatives:
- NaF
- SnF2

Sodium nitroprusside

Chemical Formula: Na2(Fe(CN)5NO) - 2H2O
Hypotensive agent - DOC for HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
Side effect: Cyanide toxicity

Sodium saccharin

Artificial sweetener
Linked to bladder tumors in animal tests
Fluorescein Test identifies saccharin
- Positive result = Fluorescent Green Liquid

Sodium ascorbate

Brand names: Fern-C, Euro-C
Antioxidant, Vitamin supplement (Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid / CEVITAMIC ACID)
Antiscorbutic agent (for Scurvy)

Sodium FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE

Best antidote for Hg poisoning, particularly for HgCl2 (“Corrosive sublimate”)

Sodium Starch glycolate

Brand name: Explotab
Rapid tablet Disintegrant

Monosodium glutamate

Also known as MSG, Vetsion, Ajinomoto
Flavor enhancer: “Umami/6th taste”
Side effect = CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME
- Symptoms:
  - Light-headedness
  - Headache
  - Uncomfortable sense of warmth
  - Dyspnea

Sodium cyclamate

Also known as “Magic Sugar”
Use = Artificial Sweetener
Recinded by the FDA for distribution, export, and trade
Can cause colon cancer

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Also known as SLS
Anionic surfactant
Uses:
- Foaming agent and surfactant
  - Toothpaste
  - Shampoo
  - Shaving Cream
- Shark repellant

Sodium stearate

Tablet lubricant

Sodium alginate

Brand name: Gaviscon

Potassium

Major intracellular cation
Also known as Kalium or Potash
Deficiency state: Hypokalemia
- Caused by severe burns, diarrhea, etc.
- Symptoms: Muscle weakness and muscle paralysis
Toxicity: Hyperkalemia
- Can lead to cardiac arrest
Pharmacological action:
- Acts as a diuretic
- Involved in muscle contraction
- Maintains resting membrane potential
Potassium in glass can make it brown and light-resistant

Potassium Carbonate

Chemical formula: K2CO3
Also known as Carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash, Salt of tartar, or Salt of wormwood
Acts as a saponifying agent

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Chemical formula: KH2PO4
Also known as Sorensen’s Potassium Phosphate
Has a cathartic effect

Potassium Chloride

Sold as Kalium Durules
Electrolyte replenisher for Hypokalemic states
Administered as a slow IV drip
Important note: Never give by rapid IV push/IV bolus
Final drug in LEATHAL injection
Component of Ringer’s Solution
- Contains Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium
Component of Darrow’s Solution
- Contains Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, and Water for Injection
- Used in fluid therapy for potassium deficiency

Potassium Citrate

Systemic and urinary alkalizer
Sold as Acalka
Acts as an osmotic diuretic
Expectorant
Diaphoretic

Potassium Hydroxide

Also known as Caustic Potash or Potash lye
Strong base and very corrosive
Used in the manufacture of soft soaps
Used in titrimetry, specifically the Koettsdorfer Number/Saponification value determination

Potassium Bromide

Acts as a depressant
Oldest known anti-seizure agent

Potassium Iodide

Preferred iodide
Stable in air
Can cause allergic reactions (Iodism)
Antidote: Sodium Chloride (NSS)
Uses:
- Expectorant
- Prevention of goiter
- Management of hyperthyroidism
- Anti-fungal, specifically as KISS (1g/mL)
  - Drug of choice for Sportotrichosis
  - Also known as Gardener’s Thorn
  - Caused by Sporotrix schenkii

Potassium in Alkaloidal Reagents

Potassium is a component of various alkaloidal reagents:
- Wagner’s Reagent
- Mayer's Reagent (most sensitive)
- Valser’s Reagent
- Dragendorff Reagent

Sulfurated Potash

Also known as Liver of Sulfur, Hepar of Sulfur, or Potassa sulfurata
Necessary for the production of White Lotion
Reaction: Sulfurated Potash + ZnSO4 = ZnS (White sulfide)
Anti-Psoriasis agent

Potassium Chlorate

Chemical formula: KCIO3
Oxidizing agent
Component of gargles and mouthwashes

Potassium Nitrate

Also known as Saltpeter, Salitre, or Salt prunelle
Uses:
- Meat preservatives
- Manufacture of explosives (Gunpowder)
- Tooth-desensitizing agent
  - Found in Sensodyne (5% KNO3)

Potassium Sodium Tartrate

Also known as Rochelle Salt or Sal Seignette
Uses:
- Saline Laxative
- Sequestering agent in Fehling’s Reagent
Test for Tartrate:
- Fenton test
- Positive result: Deep violet or blue coloration

Potassium BiTartrate

Chemical formula: KHC4HO6
Also known as Cream of Tartar, Argol, Acid Potassium Tartrate, or Creamor
Saline laxative/Cathartic
Only insoluble salt of Potassium, making it a useful identification test

Ammonium Ion

Hypothetical or Pseudo alkali metal
Preparation: Haber Process
Pharmacological action:
- Diuretic
- Buffer
- Expectorant
- Anti-cariogenic

Ammonium Salts

Ammoniated Mercury
- Chemical formula: HgNH2CI
- Also known as "White Precipitate"
- Topical anti-infective
Ammonium Iodide
- Source of iodine
- Anti-fungal
- Expectorant
Ammonium Acetate
- Also known as Spirit of Minderesus
- Styptic

Ammonium Carbonate

Also known as Sal Volatile, Preston’s Salt, or Hart’s Horn
Uses:
- Expectorant (NH4)
- Antacid (CO3)
- Respiratory stimulant: "Smelling Salts"
- Leavening agent, hence also known as "Baker's Ammonia"

Ammonium Chloride

Chemical formula: NH4CI
Also known as Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac, or Muriate of Hart’s Horn
By-product of Sodium Bicarbonate production (Solvay Process)
Uses:
- Osmotic Diuretic
- Systemic and Urinary Acidifier
- Drug of choice or antidote for Amphetamine Toxicity (“ION TRAPPING”)

16° Ammonia

Aqueous NH3: Mild Alkalizer
Household NH3: 10% NH3 also known as 16° (degrees Baume) NH3

Rubidium and Caesium

Caesium and Rubidium: Very similar in behavior to Potassium

Caesium

Catalyst in polymerisation of resin forming material
First element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1860
Caesium Spectral Line: BLUE

Rubidium (Rb)

Second element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1861
Rubidium Spectral Line: RED

Calcium

The body needs calcium for blood coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and to build bones & teeth.
Calcium deficiency can cause osteomalacia, rickets, or osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia and rickets cause bones to be weak due to a failure of calcium deposition.
Osteoporosis leads to porous bones that break easily.
Calcium gluconate is the most commonly used calcium supplement.

Calcium Compounds

Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid and is a common ingredient in toothpaste.
Calcium chloride is a calcium replenisher and is used in Ringer’s Solution.
Calcium hydroxide is an antacid that can be used to prevent milk curdling.
Calcium lactate is an oral calcium supplement that can help prevent or treat osteoporosis.
Calcium phosphate is a source of calcium and phosphorus, which is important during pregnancy and lactation.
Calcium oxide (quicklime) is used in insecticides and Vleminckx's Solution.
Calcium hypochlorite is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.
Calcium sulfate (plaster of paris) is used to prepare surgical casts and dental impressions.

Strontium

Radioactive strontium is used in bone scans to study bone lesions.
Strontium chloride is used in Sensodyne® Rapid Relief to desensitize teeth.

Barium

Barium sulfate is used in X-ray imaging of the gastrointestinal tract.
Barium hydroxide is used as a CO2 absorber.

Radium

Radium is a radioactive metal discovered by Marie Curie.
It is used in cancer radiotherapy and diagnostic testing.

Gold

Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal.
Gold is dissolved in aqua regia (3 HCl: 1 HNO3) or selenic acid.
Gold can cause dermatitis.
Dimercaprol is the antidote for gold poisoning.
Gold is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gout.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints.
Common symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness.
Felty's Syndrome is a rare disorder that involves rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia (a low white blood cell count), and splenomegaly (an enlarged spleen).

Alkaline Earth Metals

These metals are found in the second column of the periodic table.
They are highly reactive and readily form ionic compounds with nonmetals.
They have a +2 oxidation state.

Beryllium

Beryllium is often called glucinum.
It tends to replace calcium and magnesium in the body.

Magnesium

Magnesium is the lightest structural metal.
It is the second most abundant cation found within cells.
It is essential for photosynthesis.
It is used in chemical synthesis.
Magnesium can act as a laxative, depressant, anti-convulsant, and calcium channel blocker.
Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium toxicity.

Magnesium Compounds

Magnesium carbonate is an antacid and laxative.
Magnesium oxide is an antacid and a curing agent; it is also found in the universal antidote.
Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is a cathartic, anti-convulsant, and the antidote for barium toxicity.
Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is an effective antacid.
Magnesium citrate is a saline cathartic.
Magnesium chloride is a common electrolyte replenisher.

Copper

Copper is used in Benedict's, Fehling's, and Barfoed's Reagent for chemical reactions.
Cupric sulfate is a powerful emetic used as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning.
Mountain green is copper carbonate (native).
Brunswick green is a mixture of copper carbonate and chalk.
Paris green (Schweinfurt’s green) is an insecticide made of copper aceto-arsenate.
Bordeaux mixture is an algicide and fungicide made of copper sulfate and lime.

Silver

Silver is the second most malleable and ductile metal.
Silver is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
Silver has antimicrobial properties due to its oligodynamic effect.
Silver toxicity causes Argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin and eyes.
Normal saline solution is the antidote for silver poisoning.

Silver Compounds

Silver nitrate is a protein precipitant used to treat warts, prevent gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum, and treat burns.
It is also a component of Tollen's Reagent.
Ammoniacal silver nitrate is a dental protective agent.
Silver iodide is a germicide and disinfectant found in Surfacine.
Silver proteinates combine silver's antimicrobial properties with protein's stabilizing effect.
Silver sulfadiazine (Flammazine®, Silvadene®, Flammacerium®) combines the oligodynamic properties of silver with the antibacterial properties of sulfadiazine.

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Explore the diverse applications and chemical properties of sodium compounds such as sodium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium citrate. This quiz covers their roles in industries, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory practices. Test your knowledge on the chemistry behind these essential substances!