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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a use of Sodium Bicarbonate?
What condition is Sodium Chloride commonly used to prevent or treat?
Which statement about Sodium Hydroxide is TRUE?
Sodium Citrate is primarily recognized for what action?
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What is a primary effect of Sodium Fluoride in dental care?
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Which of the following is an important consideration when using Sodium Bicarbonate?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized use of Sodium Bicarbonate?
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What is one of the primary applications of Sodium Chloride?
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An incorrect application of Sodium Hydroxide would be...
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Which of the following properties is characteristic of Sodium Hydroxide?
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What is the main contraindication for using Sodium in patients?
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In what conditions is Sodium Citrate used as an anticoagulant?
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What is a notable side effect of using Sodium Fluoride?
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How is Sodium Hydroxide primarily used in saponification?
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Which test indicates the presence of Citrate using Deniges’ Test?
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What is one of the main uses of Sodium Iodide?
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Which of the following is a primary use of sodium lactate?
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What is a noted side effect of sodium nitroprusside in hypertensive crisis management?
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Which agent is not directly associated with sodium ascorbate's properties?
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What is sodium cyclamate primarily used for?
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Which statement correctly describes a property of sodium sulfate?
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Which of the following is a common application of sodium thiosulfate?
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Sodium monofluorophosphate is primarily used in which context?
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What adverse effect is commonly associated with monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
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What function does sodium borate serve in medicinal applications?
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Which condition can sodium nitrate potentially contribute to due to its application as a meat preservative?
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Which of the following ammonium compounds is known for its role as a topical anti-infective?
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What is the primary pharmacologic action attributed to ammonium salts?
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Which of the following correctly describes the use of ammonium chloride?
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Which element shares similar behavior to potassium and has a distinct blue spectral line?
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What is a common use of ammonium carbonate in household applications?
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What is the primary role of potassium as an intracellular cation?
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Which potassium compound is known for its use as a systemic and urinary alkalizer?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency in potassium?
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Which potassium compound is an important source of potassium for treating hypokalemic states?
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Which statement about potassium iodide is NOT correct?
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Which potassium compound is recognized for its use in titrimetry?
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What is a notable effect of hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following uses potassium nitrate?
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What is one main characteristic of magnesium hydroxide that contributes to its use as an antacid?
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Which magnesium compound is primarily classified as a saline laxative?
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What property makes beryllium particularly toxic compared to other metals?
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Which mineral is identified as the second most abundant extracellular cation and plays a significant role in bone structure?
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What is the recommended antidote for magnesium toxicity?
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Which of the following best describes magnesium sulfate's pharmacological use in eclampsia?
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What common application does magnesium carbonate serve, besides being an antacid?
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Which condition is addressed by the pharmacological action of magnesium chloride?
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What is one notable property of magnesium stearate that makes it useful in pharmaceutical formulations?
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What distinguishes magnesium hydroxide from other magnesium compounds in terms of its antacid usage?
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What condition is characterized by bones becoming soft and easily deformed due to inadequate calcium deposition?
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Which of the following calcium compounds is most commonly used as a dietary supplement?
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In which scenario is Calcium Carbonate predominantly utilized?
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Which calcium salt is known for being a primary component of Ringer's Solution?
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What is a key characteristic of Calcium Oxide that distinguishes it from other calcium compounds?
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What ratio of calcium to phosphorus does Dibasic Calcium Phosphate provide?
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Which calcium compound is associated with a risk of causing constipation as a side effect?
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What application is associated with radioactive strontium in medical contexts?
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Which chemical is known to be a component of the bleach solution used for sanitation purposes?
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What is the detrimental outcome of barium inhalation in humans?
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What is the primary use of cuprous citrate?
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Which silver compound is commonly utilized in ophthalmic solutions for its prophylactic properties?
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Which test is associated with the detection of aldehyde-containing sugars using silver?
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What phenomenon is caused by the accumulation of silver in the body?
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Which substance is used as an antidote for gold toxicity?
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What is the primary component of Bordeaux mixture?
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Which property is NOT associated with gold as a metal?
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Which silver proteinates type is known to be a germicide for ear and throat conditions?
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Which of the following is a primary use of silver sulfadiazene?
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Which metal is described as the 'King of all metals' due to its properties?
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Study Notes
Solvay Process
- Used for the manufacture of soda lime glass
- Involves a series of reactions to produce sodium carbonate from sodium chloride
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
- Chemical Formula: NaH2PO4
- Uses:
- Saline/Osmotic Laxative
- Urinary Acidifier
- Hypercalcemia
- Buffer
Sodium Metabisulfite
- Chemical Formula: Na2S2O5
- Other names: Sodium Pyrosulfite
- Good reducing agent
- Used as powerful preservatives
Sodium Chloride
- Also known as table salt, rock salt, sea salt, solar salt, dendritic salt
- Electrolyte replenisher
- Used in various solutions:
- Normal Saline Solution (NSS)
- Ringer's Solution
- Lactated Ringer's Solution
- Darrow's Solution
- Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
Sodium Citrate
- Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
- Acts as a sequestering agent (Benedict's Reagent)
- Used as an anticoagulant:
- In-vitro: for blood extraction
- In-vivo: as an anticoagulant and expectorant
- Denige's Test is used to identify Citrate
- Positive result = Carmine Red
Sodium Fluoride
- Chemical Formula: NaF
- Protoplasmic poison - causes skin toxicity
- Painful, slow-healing burns
- Antidote: Calcium
- Forms Fluoroapatite
- Used as an anticariogenic agent (2%)
- Side effects:
- Dental Fluorosis (in children): Mottling of teeth enamel
- Skeletal Fluorosis: Premature calcification
Sodium Hydroxide
- Also known as Caustic Soda, Sosa, Liquid Sosa
- Ingestion causes saponification and liquefactive necrosis
- Deliquescent: Absorbs H2O and CO2 easily
- Leaching: Stored in silicates or glass
- Used in titrimetry as an alkalimetric titrant
- Used in soap production:
- NaOH + Vegetable Oil = Bar soap/Hard soap
- KOH + Vegetable Oil = Liquid soap/Soft soap
- NaOH/KOH + Olive Oil = Castile Soap
- NaOH/KOH + Coconut Oil = Perla
- NaOH + Palm Oil = Palmolive
Soda Lime
- Also known as Calx Sodica
- A mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH
- Used as a CO2 absorber
Sodium Hypochlorite
- Chemical Formula: NaClO
- NaClO solution is known as household bleach, Chlorox, Zonrox, Dakin's Solution
- Uses:
- Bleaching agent
- Disinfectant (due to Hypochlorous acid)
Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions
- Different concentrations:
- Dakin's Solution: 5% / 4-6%
- Labarraque's solution: Approx. 2.5%
- Modified Dakin's Solution: 0.45-0.5%
- NaClO Topical Solution: 0.025%
Sodium Iodide
- Chemical Formula: NaI
- Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
- Flame test is used for identification
- Positive result: Carmine red under non-luminous flame
Flame Test
- Differentiates various metals based on the color they produce under non-luminous flame
- Used with Cobalt glass to modify the color observations
- Metals and their colors:
- Sodium: Golden yellow
- Potassium: Violet/Purple/Lilac
- Lithium: Carmine red
- Calcium: Brick Red
- Strontium: Crimson Red
- Barium: Yellow Green
- Borates (Cu, Tl): Green
- Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu+2: Blue
- Al 3+, Ti: Brilliant White
Lithium Compounds
- Lithium Bromide: Depressant, sedative
- Lithium Carbonate: Brand names - Eskalith, Quilonium-R, Lithase
- Lithium Citrate
- Lithium Hydroxide
- Lithium Oral Solution
Sodium
- Major/Primary extracellular cation
- Promotes water retention (edema)
- Contraindicated in:
- Hypertension
- Heart Failure
- Kidney Disease
- Triple Acetate Test is used to identify Sodium
- Positive result: Golden Yellow precipitate
Sodium Acetate
- Used as:
- Urinary and systemic alkalizer
- Diuretic
- Antacid
- Esterification is the test for Acetate Ion
Sodium Bicarbonate
- Also known as Baking Soda
- Uses:
- Systemic Alkalizer (preferred) and Antacid
- Urinary Alkalizer (preferred)
- Antidote for Zn poisoning (oral)
- Phenolphthalein Test identifies HCO3
- Side effects:
- Systemic Alkalosis
- Rebound Hyperacidity
- Flatulence
Sodium Carbonate
- Chemical Formula: Na2CO3
- Efflorescence: Highly alkaline reaction with water
- Used as:
- Primary Standard (T3 and T4)
- Expectorant (oral)
- Solubilizer of Iodine in Iodine tincture and Iodine solution (Lugol's Solution)
- Anti-fungal
Sodium Lactate
- Provides raw material for the regeneration of bicarbonate in the body
- Acts as an antacid and diuretic
Sodium Nitrite
- Also known as Philippine Salitre
- Chemical Formula: NaNO2
- Toxicity: Methemoglobinemia (Antidote: Methylene Blue)
- Antidote for cyanide poisoning with Na2S2O3
- Used for curing meats and fish as a preservative
- Adverse effects:
- Carcinogenic to brain and GIT (due to nitrosamine production)
Sodium Nitrate
- Chemical Formula: NaNO3
- Also known as Chile Saltpeter
- Used as:
- Meat preservative (nitrosamine production)
- Production: Guggenheim Process
Sodium Sulfate
- Also known as Glauber's Salt, Sal Mirabile
- Chemical Formula: Na2SO4
- Used as a saline laxative
- Poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract
Sodium Tartrate
- Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent
- Used in Karl Fischer Titration: for water content determination
- Method 1: Titrimetric, KFR
- Method II: Azeotropic / Toluene Distillation
- Method III: Gravimetric
- Used as a saline laxative (internal administration)
- Rochelled Salt (sodium potassium tartrate)
- Denige's Test identifies tartrate
- Positive result:
- Carmine Red = citrate
- Emerald Green = tartrate
- Positive result:
Sodium/potassium thiocyanate
- Chemical Formula: NaSCN/KSCN
- Used as a hypotensive agent
Sodium Thiosulfate
- Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3 - 5H2O
- Also known as Sodium Hyposulfite, Primatic Rice, Photographer's Hypo, Antichlor Hypo
- Good reducing reagent susceptible to air oxidation
- Chemical antidote for cyanide poisoning
- Used in management of Iodine toxicity
- Used in iodometry as titrant for indirect titration
- Removes stains of iodine
Sodium perborate
- Use: Mild disinfectant
- Releases O2 readily
- Alternative treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis (Trench Mouth)
Sodium borate
- Also known as Borax
- Used in Dobell’s Solution
- Uses:
- Astringent
- Antiseptic wash (throat and nose)
- Not used internally
Sodium monofluorophosphate
- Chemical Formula: Na2PFO3
- Brand name: Colgate
- Use: Anti-cariogenic agent
- Alternatives:
- NaF
- SnF2
Sodium nitroprusside
- Chemical Formula: Na2(Fe(CN)5NO) - 2H2O
- Hypotensive agent - DOC for HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
- Side effect: Cyanide toxicity
Sodium saccharin
- Artificial sweetener
- Linked to bladder tumors in animal tests
- Fluorescein Test identifies saccharin
- Positive result = Fluorescent Green Liquid
Sodium ascorbate
- Brand names: Fern-C, Euro-C
- Antioxidant, Vitamin supplement (Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid / CEVITAMIC ACID)
- Antiscorbutic agent (for Scurvy)
Sodium FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE
- Best antidote for Hg poisoning, particularly for HgCl2 (“Corrosive sublimate”)
Sodium Starch glycolate
- Brand name: Explotab
- Rapid tablet Disintegrant
Monosodium glutamate
- Also known as MSG, Vetsion, Ajinomoto
- Flavor enhancer: “Umami/6th taste”
- Side effect = CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME
- Symptoms:
- Light-headedness
- Headache
- Uncomfortable sense of warmth
- Dyspnea
- Symptoms:
Sodium cyclamate
- Also known as “Magic Sugar”
- Use = Artificial Sweetener
- Recinded by the FDA for distribution, export, and trade
- Can cause colon cancer
Sodium lauryl sulfate
- Also known as SLS
- Anionic surfactant
- Uses:
- Foaming agent and surfactant
- Toothpaste
- Shampoo
- Shaving Cream
- Shark repellant
- Foaming agent and surfactant
Sodium stearate
- Tablet lubricant
Sodium alginate
- Brand name: Gaviscon
Potassium
- Major intracellular cation
- Also known as Kalium or Potash
- Deficiency state: Hypokalemia
- Caused by severe burns, diarrhea, etc.
- Symptoms: Muscle weakness and muscle paralysis
- Toxicity: Hyperkalemia
- Can lead to cardiac arrest
- Pharmacological action:
- Acts as a diuretic
- Involved in muscle contraction
- Maintains resting membrane potential
- Potassium in glass can make it brown and light-resistant
Potassium Carbonate
- Chemical formula: K2CO3
- Also known as Carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash, Salt of tartar, or Salt of wormwood
- Acts as a saponifying agent
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate
- Chemical formula: KH2PO4
- Also known as Sorensen’s Potassium Phosphate
- Has a cathartic effect
Potassium Chloride
- Sold as Kalium Durules
- Electrolyte replenisher for Hypokalemic states
- Administered as a slow IV drip
- Important note: Never give by rapid IV push/IV bolus
- Final drug in LEATHAL injection
- Component of Ringer’s Solution
- Contains Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium
- Component of Darrow’s Solution
- Contains Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, and Water for Injection
- Used in fluid therapy for potassium deficiency
Potassium Citrate
- Systemic and urinary alkalizer
- Sold as Acalka
- Acts as an osmotic diuretic
- Expectorant
- Diaphoretic
Potassium Hydroxide
- Also known as Caustic Potash or Potash lye
- Strong base and very corrosive
- Used in the manufacture of soft soaps
- Used in titrimetry, specifically the Koettsdorfer Number/Saponification value determination
Potassium Bromide
- Acts as a depressant
- Oldest known anti-seizure agent
Potassium Iodide
- Preferred iodide
- Stable in air
- Can cause allergic reactions (Iodism)
- Antidote: Sodium Chloride (NSS)
- Uses:
- Expectorant
- Prevention of goiter
- Management of hyperthyroidism
- Anti-fungal, specifically as KISS (1g/mL)
- Drug of choice for Sportotrichosis
- Also known as Gardener’s Thorn
- Caused by Sporotrix schenkii
Potassium in Alkaloidal Reagents
- Potassium is a component of various alkaloidal reagents:
- Wagner’s Reagent
- Mayer's Reagent (most sensitive)
- Valser’s Reagent
- Dragendorff Reagent
Sulfurated Potash
- Also known as Liver of Sulfur, Hepar of Sulfur, or Potassa sulfurata
- Necessary for the production of White Lotion
- Reaction: Sulfurated Potash + ZnSO4 = ZnS (White sulfide)
- Anti-Psoriasis agent
Potassium Chlorate
- Chemical formula: KCIO3
- Oxidizing agent
- Component of gargles and mouthwashes
Potassium Nitrate
- Also known as Saltpeter, Salitre, or Salt prunelle
- Uses:
- Meat preservatives
- Manufacture of explosives (Gunpowder)
- Tooth-desensitizing agent
- Found in Sensodyne (5% KNO3)
Potassium Sodium Tartrate
- Also known as Rochelle Salt or Sal Seignette
- Uses:
- Saline Laxative
- Sequestering agent in Fehling’s Reagent
- Test for Tartrate:
- Fenton test
- Positive result: Deep violet or blue coloration
Potassium BiTartrate
- Chemical formula: KHC4HO6
- Also known as Cream of Tartar, Argol, Acid Potassium Tartrate, or Creamor
- Saline laxative/Cathartic
- Only insoluble salt of Potassium, making it a useful identification test
Ammonium Ion
- Hypothetical or Pseudo alkali metal
- Preparation: Haber Process
- Pharmacological action:
- Diuretic
- Buffer
- Expectorant
- Anti-cariogenic
Ammonium Salts
-
Ammoniated Mercury
- Chemical formula: HgNH2CI
- Also known as "White Precipitate"
- Topical anti-infective
-
Ammonium Iodide
- Source of iodine
- Anti-fungal
- Expectorant
-
Ammonium Acetate
- Also known as Spirit of Minderesus
- Styptic
Ammonium Carbonate
- Also known as Sal Volatile, Preston’s Salt, or Hart’s Horn
- Uses:
- Expectorant (NH4)
- Antacid (CO3)
- Respiratory stimulant: "Smelling Salts"
- Leavening agent, hence also known as "Baker's Ammonia"
Ammonium Chloride
- Chemical formula: NH4CI
- Also known as Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac, or Muriate of Hart’s Horn
- By-product of Sodium Bicarbonate production (Solvay Process)
- Uses:
- Osmotic Diuretic
- Systemic and Urinary Acidifier
- Drug of choice or antidote for Amphetamine Toxicity (“ION TRAPPING”)
16° Ammonia
- Aqueous NH3: Mild Alkalizer
- Household NH3: 10% NH3 also known as 16° (degrees Baume) NH3
Rubidium and Caesium
- Caesium and Rubidium: Very similar in behavior to Potassium
Caesium
- Catalyst in polymerisation of resin forming material
- First element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1860
- Caesium Spectral Line: BLUE
Rubidium (Rb)
- Second element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1861
- Rubidium Spectral Line: RED
Calcium
- The body needs calcium for blood coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and to build bones & teeth.
- Calcium deficiency can cause osteomalacia, rickets, or osteoporosis.
- Osteomalacia and rickets cause bones to be weak due to a failure of calcium deposition.
- Osteoporosis leads to porous bones that break easily.
- Calcium gluconate is the most commonly used calcium supplement.
Calcium Compounds
- Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid and is a common ingredient in toothpaste.
- Calcium chloride is a calcium replenisher and is used in Ringer’s Solution.
- Calcium hydroxide is an antacid that can be used to prevent milk curdling.
- Calcium lactate is an oral calcium supplement that can help prevent or treat osteoporosis.
- Calcium phosphate is a source of calcium and phosphorus, which is important during pregnancy and lactation.
- Calcium oxide (quicklime) is used in insecticides and Vleminckx's Solution.
- Calcium hypochlorite is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.
- Calcium sulfate (plaster of paris) is used to prepare surgical casts and dental impressions.
Strontium
- Radioactive strontium is used in bone scans to study bone lesions.
- Strontium chloride is used in Sensodyne® Rapid Relief to desensitize teeth.
Barium
- Barium sulfate is used in X-ray imaging of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Barium hydroxide is used as a CO2 absorber.
Radium
- Radium is a radioactive metal discovered by Marie Curie.
- It is used in cancer radiotherapy and diagnostic testing.
Gold
- Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold is dissolved in aqua regia (3 HCl: 1 HNO3) or selenic acid.
- Gold can cause dermatitis.
- Dimercaprol is the antidote for gold poisoning.
- Gold is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints.
- Common symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness.
- Felty's Syndrome is a rare disorder that involves rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia (a low white blood cell count), and splenomegaly (an enlarged spleen).
Alkaline Earth Metals
- These metals are found in the second column of the periodic table.
- They are highly reactive and readily form ionic compounds with nonmetals.
- They have a +2 oxidation state.
Beryllium
- Beryllium is often called glucinum.
- It tends to replace calcium and magnesium in the body.
Magnesium
- Magnesium is the lightest structural metal.
- It is the second most abundant cation found within cells.
- It is essential for photosynthesis.
- It is used in chemical synthesis.
- Magnesium can act as a laxative, depressant, anti-convulsant, and calcium channel blocker.
- Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium toxicity.
Magnesium Compounds
- Magnesium carbonate is an antacid and laxative.
- Magnesium oxide is an antacid and a curing agent; it is also found in the universal antidote.
- Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is a cathartic, anti-convulsant, and the antidote for barium toxicity.
- Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is an effective antacid.
- Magnesium citrate is a saline cathartic.
- Magnesium chloride is a common electrolyte replenisher.
Copper
- Copper is used in Benedict's, Fehling's, and Barfoed's Reagent for chemical reactions.
- Cupric sulfate is a powerful emetic used as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning.
- Mountain green is copper carbonate (native).
- Brunswick green is a mixture of copper carbonate and chalk.
- Paris green (Schweinfurt’s green) is an insecticide made of copper aceto-arsenate.
- Bordeaux mixture is an algicide and fungicide made of copper sulfate and lime.
Silver
- Silver is the second most malleable and ductile metal.
- Silver is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
- Silver has antimicrobial properties due to its oligodynamic effect.
- Silver toxicity causes Argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin and eyes.
- Normal saline solution is the antidote for silver poisoning.
Silver Compounds
- Silver nitrate is a protein precipitant used to treat warts, prevent gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum, and treat burns.
- It is also a component of Tollen's Reagent.
- Ammoniacal silver nitrate is a dental protective agent.
- Silver iodide is a germicide and disinfectant found in Surfacine.
- Silver proteinates combine silver's antimicrobial properties with protein's stabilizing effect.
- Silver sulfadiazine (Flammazine®, Silvadene®, Flammacerium®) combines the oligodynamic properties of silver with the antibacterial properties of sulfadiazine.
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Description
Explore the diverse applications and chemical properties of sodium compounds such as sodium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium citrate. This quiz covers their roles in industries, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory practices. Test your knowledge on the chemistry behind these essential substances!
