Chemistry of Sodium Compounds
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of Sodium Bicarbonate?

  • Antidote for Zinc poisoning (oral)
  • Respiratory stimulant (correct)
  • Urinary Alkalizer
  • Systemic Alkalizer

    • What condition is Sodium Chloride commonly used to prevent or treat?

  • Hypertension
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyponatremia (correct)
  • Diarrhea

    • Which statement about Sodium Hydroxide is TRUE?

  • It is highly alkaline and caustic. (correct)
  • It is used as a therapeutic agent in medicine.
  • It is commonly used in food preservation.
  • It has a weak alkaline reaction with water.

    • Sodium Citrate is primarily recognized for what action?

    <p>Acting as an anticoagulant in blood products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of Sodium Fluoride in dental care?

    <p>Reduces the formation of dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important consideration when using Sodium Bicarbonate?

    <p>Systemic Alkalosis is a potential side effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized use of Sodium Bicarbonate?

    <p>CO2 Absorber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary applications of Sodium Chloride?

    <p>Electrolyte replenisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An incorrect application of Sodium Hydroxide would be...

    <p>In the treatment of acute renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is characteristic of Sodium Hydroxide?

    <p>Deliquescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contraindication for using Sodium in patients?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions is Sodium Citrate used as an anticoagulant?

    <p>Both in-vitro and in-vivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect of using Sodium Fluoride?

    <p>Dental Fluorosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Sodium Hydroxide primarily used in saponification?

    <p>Combined with vegetable oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test indicates the presence of Citrate using Deniges’ Test?

    <p>Carmine Red for Citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main uses of Sodium Iodide?

    <p>Synthesis of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary use of sodium lactate?

    <p>Antacid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted side effect of sodium nitroprusside in hypertensive crisis management?

    <p>Cyanide toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is not directly associated with sodium ascorbate's properties?

    <p>Hormone regulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sodium cyclamate primarily used for?

    <p>Artificial sweetener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a property of sodium sulfate?

    <p>Used primarily as a saline laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common application of sodium thiosulfate?

    <p>Management of iodine toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium monofluorophosphate is primarily used in which context?

    <p>Anti-cariogenic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

    <p>Chinese restaurant syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does sodium borate serve in medicinal applications?

    <p>Astringent and antiseptic wash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can sodium nitrate potentially contribute to due to its application as a meat preservative?

    <p>Gastrointestinal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ammonium compounds is known for its role as a topical anti-infective?

    <p>Ammoniated Mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacologic action attributed to ammonium salts?

    <p>Expectorant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the use of ammonium chloride?

    <p>Osmotic diuretic and systemic acidifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element shares similar behavior to potassium and has a distinct blue spectral line?

    <p>Caesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of ammonium carbonate in household applications?

    <p>Leavening agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of potassium as an intracellular cation?

    <p>Maintaining resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potassium compound is known for its use as a systemic and urinary alkalizer?

    <p>Potassium Citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a deficiency in potassium?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potassium compound is an important source of potassium for treating hypokalemic states?

    <p>Potassium Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about potassium iodide is NOT correct?

    <p>It is always safe with no allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potassium compound is recognized for its use in titrimetry?

    <p>Potassium Hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable effect of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses potassium nitrate?

    <p>As a dental desensitizing agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main characteristic of magnesium hydroxide that contributes to its use as an antacid?

    <p>Interaction with citric acid improves taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which magnesium compound is primarily classified as a saline laxative?

    <p>Magnesium citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property makes beryllium particularly toxic compared to other metals?

    <p>Replacement of calcium and magnesium in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is identified as the second most abundant extracellular cation and plays a significant role in bone structure?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended antidote for magnesium toxicity?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes magnesium sulfate's pharmacological use in eclampsia?

    <p>Anti-convulsant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common application does magnesium carbonate serve, besides being an antacid?

    <p>Laxative agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is addressed by the pharmacological action of magnesium chloride?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one notable property of magnesium stearate that makes it useful in pharmaceutical formulations?

    <p>Tablet lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes magnesium hydroxide from other magnesium compounds in terms of its antacid usage?

    <p>Lower solubility leading to lesser side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by bones becoming soft and easily deformed due to inadequate calcium deposition?

    <p>Osteomalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following calcium compounds is most commonly used as a dietary supplement?

    <p>Calcium Gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is Calcium Carbonate predominantly utilized?

    <p>Antacid formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium salt is known for being a primary component of Ringer's Solution?

    <p>Calcium Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Calcium Oxide that distinguishes it from other calcium compounds?

    <p>It is not soluble in water and hydrochloric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ratio of calcium to phosphorus does Dibasic Calcium Phosphate provide?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium compound is associated with a risk of causing constipation as a side effect?

    <p>Barium Sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What application is associated with radioactive strontium in medical contexts?

    <p>Radiotherapy for cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is known to be a component of the bleach solution used for sanitation purposes?

    <p>Calcium Hypochlorite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the detrimental outcome of barium inhalation in humans?

    <p>Baritosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of cuprous citrate?

    <p>As an astringent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which silver compound is commonly utilized in ophthalmic solutions for its prophylactic properties?

    <p>Silver Nitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is associated with the detection of aldehyde-containing sugars using silver?

    <p>Tollen's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is caused by the accumulation of silver in the body?

    <p>Argyria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used as an antidote for gold toxicity?

    <p>Dimercaprol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Bordeaux mixture?

    <p>Cupric Sulfate and Lime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT associated with gold as a metal?

    <p>Dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which silver proteinates type is known to be a germicide for ear and throat conditions?

    <p>Strong Silver Proteinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary use of silver sulfadiazene?

    <p>Management of wound sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is described as the 'King of all metals' due to its properties?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Solvay Process

    • Used for the manufacture of soda lime glass
    • Involves a series of reactions to produce sodium carbonate from sodium chloride

    Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

    • Chemical Formula: NaH2PO4
    • Uses:
      • Saline/Osmotic Laxative
      • Urinary Acidifier
      • Hypercalcemia
      • Buffer

    Sodium Metabisulfite

    • Chemical Formula: Na2S2O5
    • Other names: Sodium Pyrosulfite
    • Good reducing agent
    • Used as powerful preservatives

    Sodium Chloride

    • Also known as table salt, rock salt, sea salt, solar salt, dendritic salt
    • Electrolyte replenisher
    • Used in various solutions:
      • Normal Saline Solution (NSS)
      • Ringer's Solution
      • Lactated Ringer's Solution
      • Darrow's Solution
      • Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

    Sodium Citrate

    • Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
    • Acts as a sequestering agent (Benedict's Reagent)
    • Used as an anticoagulant:
      • In-vitro: for blood extraction
      • In-vivo: as an anticoagulant and expectorant
    • Denige's Test is used to identify Citrate
      • Positive result = Carmine Red

    Sodium Fluoride

    • Chemical Formula: NaF
    • Protoplasmic poison - causes skin toxicity
      • Painful, slow-healing burns
      • Antidote: Calcium
    • Forms Fluoroapatite
    • Used as an anticariogenic agent (2%)
    • Side effects:
      • Dental Fluorosis (in children): Mottling of teeth enamel
      • Skeletal Fluorosis: Premature calcification

    Sodium Hydroxide

    • Also known as Caustic Soda, Sosa, Liquid Sosa
    • Ingestion causes saponification and liquefactive necrosis
    • Deliquescent: Absorbs H2O and CO2 easily
    • Leaching: Stored in silicates or glass
    • Used in titrimetry as an alkalimetric titrant
    • Used in soap production:
      • NaOH + Vegetable Oil = Bar soap/Hard soap
      • KOH + Vegetable Oil = Liquid soap/Soft soap
      • NaOH/KOH + Olive Oil = Castile Soap
      • NaOH/KOH + Coconut Oil = Perla
      • NaOH + Palm Oil = Palmolive

    Soda Lime

    • Also known as Calx Sodica
    • A mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH
    • Used as a CO2 absorber

    Sodium Hypochlorite

    • Chemical Formula: NaClO
    • NaClO solution is known as household bleach, Chlorox, Zonrox, Dakin's Solution
    • Uses:
      • Bleaching agent
      • Disinfectant (due to Hypochlorous acid)

    Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions

    • Different concentrations:
      • Dakin's Solution: 5% / 4-6%
      • Labarraque's solution: Approx. 2.5%
      • Modified Dakin's Solution: 0.45-0.5%
      • NaClO Topical Solution: 0.025%

    Sodium Iodide

    • Chemical Formula: NaI
    • Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
    • Flame test is used for identification
      • Positive result: Carmine red under non-luminous flame

    Flame Test

    • Differentiates various metals based on the color they produce under non-luminous flame
    • Used with Cobalt glass to modify the color observations
    • Metals and their colors:
      • Sodium: Golden yellow
      • Potassium: Violet/Purple/Lilac
      • Lithium: Carmine red
      • Calcium: Brick Red
      • Strontium: Crimson Red
      • Barium: Yellow Green
      • Borates (Cu, Tl): Green
      • Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu+2: Blue
      • Al 3+, Ti: Brilliant White

    Lithium Compounds

    • Lithium Bromide: Depressant, sedative
    • Lithium Carbonate: Brand names - Eskalith, Quilonium-R, Lithase
    • Lithium Citrate
    • Lithium Hydroxide
    • Lithium Oral Solution

    Sodium

    • Major/Primary extracellular cation
    • Promotes water retention (edema)
    • Contraindicated in:
      • Hypertension
      • Heart Failure
      • Kidney Disease
    • Triple Acetate Test is used to identify Sodium
      • Positive result: Golden Yellow precipitate

    Sodium Acetate

    • Used as:
      • Urinary and systemic alkalizer
      • Diuretic
      • Antacid
    • Esterification is the test for Acetate Ion

    Sodium Bicarbonate

    • Also known as Baking Soda
    • Uses:
      • Systemic Alkalizer (preferred) and Antacid
      • Urinary Alkalizer (preferred)
      • Antidote for Zn poisoning (oral)
    • Phenolphthalein Test identifies HCO3
    • Side effects:
      • Systemic Alkalosis
      • Rebound Hyperacidity
      • Flatulence

    Sodium Carbonate

    • Chemical Formula: Na2CO3
    • Efflorescence: Highly alkaline reaction with water
    • Used as:
      • Primary Standard (T3 and T4)
      • Expectorant (oral)
      • Solubilizer of Iodine in Iodine tincture and Iodine solution (Lugol's Solution)
      • Anti-fungal

    Sodium Lactate

    • Provides raw material for the regeneration of bicarbonate in the body
    • Acts as an antacid and diuretic

    Sodium Nitrite

    • Also known as Philippine Salitre
    • Chemical Formula: NaNO2
    • Toxicity: Methemoglobinemia (Antidote: Methylene Blue)
    • Antidote for cyanide poisoning with Na2S2O3
    • Used for curing meats and fish as a preservative
    • Adverse effects:
      • Carcinogenic to brain and GIT (due to nitrosamine production)

    Sodium Nitrate

    • Chemical Formula: NaNO3
    • Also known as Chile Saltpeter
    • Used as:
      • Meat preservative (nitrosamine production)
    • Production: Guggenheim Process

    Sodium Sulfate

    • Also known as Glauber's Salt, Sal Mirabile
    • Chemical Formula: Na2SO4
    • Used as a saline laxative
      • Poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract

    Sodium Tartrate

    • Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent
    • Used in Karl Fischer Titration: for water content determination
      • Method 1: Titrimetric, KFR
      • Method II: Azeotropic / Toluene Distillation
      • Method III: Gravimetric
    • Used as a saline laxative (internal administration)
    • Rochelled Salt (sodium potassium tartrate)
    • Denige's Test identifies tartrate
      • Positive result:
        • Carmine Red = citrate
        • Emerald Green = tartrate

    Sodium/potassium thiocyanate

    • Chemical Formula: NaSCN/KSCN
    • Used as a hypotensive agent

    Sodium Thiosulfate

    • Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3 - 5H2O
    • Also known as Sodium Hyposulfite, Primatic Rice, Photographer's Hypo, Antichlor Hypo
    • Good reducing reagent susceptible to air oxidation
    • Chemical antidote for cyanide poisoning
    • Used in management of Iodine toxicity
    • Used in iodometry as titrant for indirect titration
    • Removes stains of iodine

    Sodium perborate

    • Use: Mild disinfectant
    • Releases O2 readily
    • Alternative treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis (Trench Mouth)

    Sodium borate

    • Also known as Borax
    • Used in Dobell’s Solution
    • Uses:
      • Astringent
      • Antiseptic wash (throat and nose)
    • Not used internally

    Sodium monofluorophosphate

    • Chemical Formula: Na2PFO3
    • Brand name: Colgate
    • Use: Anti-cariogenic agent
    • Alternatives:
      • NaF
      • SnF2

    Sodium nitroprusside

    • Chemical Formula: Na2(Fe(CN)5NO) - 2H2O
    • Hypotensive agent - DOC for HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
    • Side effect: Cyanide toxicity

    Sodium saccharin

    • Artificial sweetener
    • Linked to bladder tumors in animal tests
    • Fluorescein Test identifies saccharin
      • Positive result = Fluorescent Green Liquid

    Sodium ascorbate

    • Brand names: Fern-C, Euro-C
    • Antioxidant, Vitamin supplement (Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid / CEVITAMIC ACID)
    • Antiscorbutic agent (for Scurvy)

    Sodium FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE

    • Best antidote for Hg poisoning, particularly for HgCl2 (“Corrosive sublimate”)

    Sodium Starch glycolate

    • Brand name: Explotab
    • Rapid tablet Disintegrant

    Monosodium glutamate

    • Also known as MSG, Vetsion, Ajinomoto
    • Flavor enhancer: “Umami/6th taste”
    • Side effect = CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME
      • Symptoms:
        • Light-headedness
        • Headache
        • Uncomfortable sense of warmth
        • Dyspnea

    Sodium cyclamate

    • Also known as “Magic Sugar”
    • Use = Artificial Sweetener
    • Recinded by the FDA for distribution, export, and trade
    • Can cause colon cancer

    Sodium lauryl sulfate

    • Also known as SLS
    • Anionic surfactant
    • Uses:
      • Foaming agent and surfactant
        • Toothpaste
        • Shampoo
        • Shaving Cream
      • Shark repellant

    Sodium stearate

    • Tablet lubricant

    Sodium alginate

    • Brand name: Gaviscon

    Potassium

    • Major intracellular cation
    • Also known as Kalium or Potash
    • Deficiency state: Hypokalemia
      • Caused by severe burns, diarrhea, etc.
      • Symptoms: Muscle weakness and muscle paralysis
    • Toxicity: Hyperkalemia
      • Can lead to cardiac arrest
    • Pharmacological action:
      • Acts as a diuretic
      • Involved in muscle contraction
      • Maintains resting membrane potential
    • Potassium in glass can make it brown and light-resistant

    Potassium Carbonate

    • Chemical formula: K2CO3
    • Also known as Carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash, Salt of tartar, or Salt of wormwood
    • Acts as a saponifying agent

    Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate

    • Chemical formula: KH2PO4
    • Also known as Sorensen’s Potassium Phosphate
    • Has a cathartic effect

    Potassium Chloride

    • Sold as Kalium Durules
    • Electrolyte replenisher for Hypokalemic states
    • Administered as a slow IV drip
    • Important note: Never give by rapid IV push/IV bolus
    • Final drug in LEATHAL injection
    • Component of Ringer’s Solution
      • Contains Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium
    • Component of Darrow’s Solution
      • Contains Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, and Water for Injection
      • Used in fluid therapy for potassium deficiency

    Potassium Citrate

    • Systemic and urinary alkalizer
    • Sold as Acalka
    • Acts as an osmotic diuretic
    • Expectorant
    • Diaphoretic

    Potassium Hydroxide

    • Also known as Caustic Potash or Potash lye
    • Strong base and very corrosive
    • Used in the manufacture of soft soaps
    • Used in titrimetry, specifically the Koettsdorfer Number/Saponification value determination

    Potassium Bromide

    • Acts as a depressant
    • Oldest known anti-seizure agent

    Potassium Iodide

    • Preferred iodide
    • Stable in air
    • Can cause allergic reactions (Iodism)
    • Antidote: Sodium Chloride (NSS)
    • Uses:
      • Expectorant
      • Prevention of goiter
      • Management of hyperthyroidism
      • Anti-fungal, specifically as KISS (1g/mL)
        • Drug of choice for Sportotrichosis
        • Also known as Gardener’s Thorn
        • Caused by Sporotrix schenkii

    Potassium in Alkaloidal Reagents

    • Potassium is a component of various alkaloidal reagents:
      • Wagner’s Reagent
      • Mayer's Reagent (most sensitive)
      • Valser’s Reagent
      • Dragendorff Reagent

    Sulfurated Potash

    • Also known as Liver of Sulfur, Hepar of Sulfur, or Potassa sulfurata
    • Necessary for the production of White Lotion
    • Reaction: Sulfurated Potash + ZnSO4 = ZnS (White sulfide)
    • Anti-Psoriasis agent

    Potassium Chlorate

    • Chemical formula: KCIO3
    • Oxidizing agent
    • Component of gargles and mouthwashes

    Potassium Nitrate

    • Also known as Saltpeter, Salitre, or Salt prunelle
    • Uses:
      • Meat preservatives
      • Manufacture of explosives (Gunpowder)
      • Tooth-desensitizing agent
        • Found in Sensodyne (5% KNO3)

    Potassium Sodium Tartrate

    • Also known as Rochelle Salt or Sal Seignette
    • Uses:
      • Saline Laxative
      • Sequestering agent in Fehling’s Reagent
    • Test for Tartrate:
      • Fenton test
      • Positive result: Deep violet or blue coloration

    Potassium BiTartrate

    • Chemical formula: KHC4HO6
    • Also known as Cream of Tartar, Argol, Acid Potassium Tartrate, or Creamor
    • Saline laxative/Cathartic
    • Only insoluble salt of Potassium, making it a useful identification test

    Ammonium Ion

    • Hypothetical or Pseudo alkali metal
    • Preparation: Haber Process
    • Pharmacological action:
      • Diuretic
      • Buffer
      • Expectorant
      • Anti-cariogenic

    Ammonium Salts

    • Ammoniated Mercury

      • Chemical formula: HgNH2CI
      • Also known as "White Precipitate"
      • Topical anti-infective

    • Ammonium Iodide

      • Source of iodine
      • Anti-fungal
      • Expectorant

    • Ammonium Acetate

      • Also known as Spirit of Minderesus
      • Styptic

    Ammonium Carbonate

    • Also known as Sal Volatile, Preston’s Salt, or Hart’s Horn
    • Uses:
      • Expectorant (NH4)
      • Antacid (CO3)
      • Respiratory stimulant: "Smelling Salts"
      • Leavening agent, hence also known as "Baker's Ammonia"

    Ammonium Chloride

    • Chemical formula: NH4CI
    • Also known as Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac, or Muriate of Hart’s Horn
    • By-product of Sodium Bicarbonate production (Solvay Process)
    • Uses:
      • Osmotic Diuretic
      • Systemic and Urinary Acidifier
      • Drug of choice or antidote for Amphetamine Toxicity (“ION TRAPPING”)

    16° Ammonia

    • Aqueous NH3: Mild Alkalizer
    • Household NH3: 10% NH3 also known as 16° (degrees Baume) NH3

    Rubidium and Caesium

    • Caesium and Rubidium: Very similar in behavior to Potassium

    Caesium

    • Catalyst in polymerisation of resin forming material
    • First element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1860
    • Caesium Spectral Line: BLUE

    Rubidium (Rb)

    • Second element discovered by the use of a spectroscope in 1861
    • Rubidium Spectral Line: RED

    Calcium

    • The body needs calcium for blood coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and to build bones & teeth.
    • Calcium deficiency can cause osteomalacia, rickets, or osteoporosis.
    • Osteomalacia and rickets cause bones to be weak due to a failure of calcium deposition.
    • Osteoporosis leads to porous bones that break easily.
    • Calcium gluconate is the most commonly used calcium supplement.

    Calcium Compounds

    • Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid and is a common ingredient in toothpaste.
    • Calcium chloride is a calcium replenisher and is used in Ringer’s Solution.
    • Calcium hydroxide is an antacid that can be used to prevent milk curdling.
    • Calcium lactate is an oral calcium supplement that can help prevent or treat osteoporosis.
    • Calcium phosphate is a source of calcium and phosphorus, which is important during pregnancy and lactation.
    • Calcium oxide (quicklime) is used in insecticides and Vleminckx's Solution.
    • Calcium hypochlorite is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.
    • Calcium sulfate (plaster of paris) is used to prepare surgical casts and dental impressions.

    Strontium

    • Radioactive strontium is used in bone scans to study bone lesions.
    • Strontium chloride is used in Sensodyne® Rapid Relief to desensitize teeth.

    Barium

    • Barium sulfate is used in X-ray imaging of the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Barium hydroxide is used as a CO2 absorber.

    Radium

    • Radium is a radioactive metal discovered by Marie Curie.
    • It is used in cancer radiotherapy and diagnostic testing.

    Gold

    • Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal.
    • Gold is dissolved in aqua regia (3 HCl: 1 HNO3) or selenic acid.
    • Gold can cause dermatitis.
    • Dimercaprol is the antidote for gold poisoning.
    • Gold is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gout.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints.
    • Common symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness.
    • Felty's Syndrome is a rare disorder that involves rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia (a low white blood cell count), and splenomegaly (an enlarged spleen).

    Alkaline Earth Metals

    • These metals are found in the second column of the periodic table.
    • They are highly reactive and readily form ionic compounds with nonmetals.
    • They have a +2 oxidation state.

    Beryllium

    • Beryllium is often called glucinum.
    • It tends to replace calcium and magnesium in the body.

    Magnesium

    • Magnesium is the lightest structural metal.
    • It is the second most abundant cation found within cells.
    • It is essential for photosynthesis.
    • It is used in chemical synthesis.
    • Magnesium can act as a laxative, depressant, anti-convulsant, and calcium channel blocker.
    • Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium toxicity.

    Magnesium Compounds

    • Magnesium carbonate is an antacid and laxative.
    • Magnesium oxide is an antacid and a curing agent; it is also found in the universal antidote.
    • Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is a cathartic, anti-convulsant, and the antidote for barium toxicity.
    • Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is an effective antacid.
    • Magnesium citrate is a saline cathartic.
    • Magnesium chloride is a common electrolyte replenisher.

    Copper

    • Copper is used in Benedict's, Fehling's, and Barfoed's Reagent for chemical reactions.
    • Cupric sulfate is a powerful emetic used as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning.
    • Mountain green is copper carbonate (native).
    • Brunswick green is a mixture of copper carbonate and chalk.
    • Paris green (Schweinfurt’s green) is an insecticide made of copper aceto-arsenate.
    • Bordeaux mixture is an algicide and fungicide made of copper sulfate and lime.

    Silver

    • Silver is the second most malleable and ductile metal.
    • Silver is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
    • Silver has antimicrobial properties due to its oligodynamic effect.
    • Silver toxicity causes Argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin and eyes.
    • Normal saline solution is the antidote for silver poisoning.

    Silver Compounds

    • Silver nitrate is a protein precipitant used to treat warts, prevent gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum, and treat burns.
    • It is also a component of Tollen's Reagent.
    • Ammoniacal silver nitrate is a dental protective agent.
    • Silver iodide is a germicide and disinfectant found in Surfacine.
    • Silver proteinates combine silver's antimicrobial properties with protein's stabilizing effect.
    • Silver sulfadiazine (Flammazine®, Silvadene®, Flammacerium®) combines the oligodynamic properties of silver with the antibacterial properties of sulfadiazine.

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    Description

    Explore the diverse applications and chemical properties of sodium compounds such as sodium carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium citrate. This quiz covers their roles in industries, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory practices. Test your knowledge on the chemistry behind these essential substances!

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