PCI-07-08 (PART 1) PDF

GROUP 1A 7-8 ALKALI METALS  ELEMENT LATIN EYTMOLOGY Sodium (Na) Natrium Natrun Potassium (K) Kalium Al quality Iron (Fe) Ferrum Sword or Iron Copper (Cu) Cuprum Kyrpos (Gk.) Cyprus Silver (Ag) Arg...

GROUP 1A 7-8 ALKALI METALS  ELEMENT LATIN EYTMOLOGY Sodium (Na) Natrium Natrun Potassium (K) Kalium Al quality Iron (Fe) Ferrum Sword or Iron Copper (Cu) Cuprum Kyrpos (Gk.) Cyprus Silver (Ag) Argentum Argentina Gold (Au) Aurum “Aurora” Dawn; Yellow Mercury (Hg) Hydrargyrum Hydrargyros (Gk) Liquid Silver Lead (Pb) Plumbum “Plumbing” Pb in H2O pipes Antimony (Sb) Stibum “Stibi” eye paint/cosmetics Tin (Sn) Stannum “Stag” (Indo-Euro) Tungsten (W) Wofrum Wolframite-Wolf Rahm. representative elements group ia alkali metals Group IIA Alkaline earth metals Group IIIa boron group group iva carbon group group va nitrogen group group via oxygen group group viia halogen group Viiia/o noble/inert gas transition elements group ib Coinage Metals Group IIb Volatile Metals Group IIIB Sc & Y group ivb Ti & Zr group va Ta, V group via Cr, Mo, W, and U group viia Mn, Tc group Viiia/o 1st, 2nd, 3rd Triads transition elements 1a iia iiia iva va via viia Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl group ia: alkali metals Most reactive group Valence electron: 1 Activity: INCREASE with INCREASE atomic number Alkalinity: INCREASE with INCREASE atomic number Degree of Solvation: DECREASE with INCREASE atomic number hydrogen aka Inflammable air (Cavendish, 1766) Fe + H2O - Fe0 + H2 Lightest Element Most Abundant Element in the Universe (74%) Production: Lane Process & Messerschmidt Process produces 99% pure H2 blue water gas hydrogen Cation Hydronium or Protium Anion Hydride isotopes H1 Most abundant; protium H2 heavy hydrogen; deuterium H3 radioactive; tritium hydrogen water aka "Universal" Solvent Chemical Name: H2O / Dihydrogen monoxide Types of Water: Natural Water Potable Water Hard Water Official Water Heavy Water  types of natural water ALKALINE WATER Contain appreciable amounts of Na2S04, MgSO4, and NaHCO3 CARBONATED WATER Contains CO2 under pressure; Effervescence; contain CaCO3 & MgC03 CHALYBEATE WATER Contain Fe in Sol. or Susp., Ferruginous Taste, Forms Fe(OH)3 and Fe203 in air LITHIA WATER Do not contain appreciable quantities of Li2C03 or LiCI SALINE/PURGATIVE WATER Contain relatively high amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl SULFUR WATER Contains dissolved H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the atmosphere SILICEOUS WATER Water that contain soluble alkali silicates  potable water Water that is fit to drink Free from coliforms organisms Presence of minerals contributes to water hardness Types of Water Hardness Soft H2O Hard H2O Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness  WATER HARDNESS TEMPORARY PERMANENT CAUSE Ca(HCO3)2 & Mg(HCO3)2 Soluble SO4-, Cl-, and OH-, Ca2 & Mg2 REMOVAL Boiling, lime process, Ion-Exchange Resin, Deionization, Alkalinification & Purification Desalination OFFICIAL WATERS Purified Water (PW) Water for Injection (WFI) Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI) Bacteriostatic Water for Injection Sterile Water for Irrigation Sterile Water for Inhalation HEAVY WATER Solvent for NMR studies  ion-exchange resin Synthetic materials that can be used to remove impurities from water. Remove minerals like calcium, magnesium, and iron, which can cause water hardness and staining.  hydrogen peroxide Aka Agua oxigenada, Agua oxinada, Oxygenated acid, Oxygenated Water, Hydrogen Dioxide Use: Treatment of Vincent's Stomatitis (Trenchmouth) Prolong use results to: Hypertrophied Filiform Papillae or "Hairy Tongue Syndrome" Availability: 3% w/ v solution - 10 Volume; Red label 6% w/v solution - 20 Volume; Blue label amphoteric property An element or compound that exhibit both acidic and basic properties Eg. Aluminum, Zinc, H2O auto-protolytic/auto-ionization chemical reaction in which a molecule of a substance reacts with itself to produce both its conjugate acid and its conjugate base Auto-protolytic/Auto-ionisation of H2O H2O + H2O = H3O + OH- Acidity of Hydrogen Halides As atomic size INCREASE, Acidity 1NCREASES Basicity of Metal Hydroxides As atomic size 1NCREASE, Basicity INCREASE  7 STRONG ACIDS INORGANIC ACIDS Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Boric Acid (H3B03) Hydrobromic Acid (HBr) Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Hydriodic Acid (HI) Nitric Acid (HNO3) Nitric Acid (HNO3) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) Perchloric Acid (HClO4)  BORIC ACID aka Sal Sedativum Hombergi, Sal Sativum, Boracic acid H3BO3 (Weak Acid) Identification Test TURMERIC PAPER TEST (+) result = brownish-red + NH3/NaOH = olive green IGNITION TEST aka MethylBorate Test (+) result = green-bordered flame  BORIC ACID Boric Acid Uses: Tonicity Adjusting Agent (E method) Antiseptic (Borofax®) Solutions (5%), Ointment, Dusting Powder Toxicity: Boiled Lobster Appearance Used in ophthalmic preparations Buffer component Bacteriostatic eyewash (2%) BORIC ACID (buffer component) Standard pH Buffer Alkaline Borate Buffer (pH 8-10) PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS Feldman's Buffer pH 7-8.2 Atkins and Pantin Buffer pH 7.6-11 Gifford's Buffer pH 6-7.8 Sorensen's Buffer pH 5.9-8  hydrochloric acid 36-38% w/w conc. HCI solution aka Spirits of Salt MURIATIC ACID Technical grade HCl Impurities: Cl2 Sulfurous acid Arsenous acid Iron Skin: Coagulative/Caseous Necrosis (White Burns) Use: Acidifying Agent diluted hydrochloric acid 10% w/ v HC1 solution Uses: Acidifying agent For gastric achlorydia (parietal cells of stomach)  nitric acid 68-70% w/w HNO3 in water aka Eau Forte, Aqua Fortis: Nitrating Agent For Pyroxylin, USP production Xanthoproteic test yellow stains/burns Eg. aromatic amino acids oxidizing Agent Aqua Regia/Royal Water 3 parts HCl & 1 part HNO3 identification test brown ring test (+) Result = brown junction between 2 layers Lunge/diphenylamine test Reagents: Diphenylamine + conc. H2SO4 (+) Result = blue junction between 2 layers  PHOSPHORIC acid 85% w/w H3P04 aka Strong Triprotic Acid USES: Buffer component (Sorensen’s Buffer) Acidifying Agent hydrophosphorous acid H3PO2 aka Phosphinic acid 31% w/w H3PO2 Powerful Reducing Agent Used as an antioxidant  SULFURIC acid aka Oil of Vitriol 96-98% w/w conc. H2SO4 solution Strong Diprotic Acid INCREASE Exothermic Uses: Dehydrating Agent Oxidizing Agent Sulfonating or Sulfating Agent Toxicity: Ground coffee vomitus & brown-black burns  glaciaL acetic acid 100% w/w CH3COOH solution Diluted CH3COOH solution = 6% w/v solution Has a glassy appearance when congealed Use: Ingredient in Burrow’s solution HYDROFLUORIC ACID Used in glass etching test Test for Fluoride: NaF/NaMFP + glass = etching Glass etching due to H2SiO3 decrease (Silicic Acid)  HYDRIOdIC ACID Use: Expectorant LITHIUM Lightest of all Metals Gk. Lithos - “Earth”, Rock, Stone Discovered by J.A. Arfvedson Identification Test: Flame Test (+) Result: Carmine red under non-luminous flame  FLAME TEST METAL NON-LUMINOUS FLAME COBALT GLASS Sodium Golden yellow Nil or no Potassium Violet/Purple/Lilac Crimson Red Lithium Carmine red Purple Calcium Brick Red Light Green Strontium Crimson Red Purple/Lilac Barium Yellow Green Blue Green Borates (Cu, Tl) Green Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu+2 Blue Yellow Al 3+, Ti Brilliant White pharmacologic actions: Mood stabilizing agent DOC for treatment and prevention of Bipolar Disorder (Hypomanic-Manic states) and Mania Primary excretion occurs in the kidney Diuretic (similar with Sodium) Toxic (eg Hyponatremia) Patient Counselling points: DO NOT RESTRICT SODIUM INTAKE  LITHIUM COMPOUNDS LITHIUM BROMIDE as depressant, sedative LITHIUM CARBONATE Brand Names: Eskalith, Quilonium-R, Lithase LITHIUM CITRATE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE LITHIUM ORAL SOLUTION SODIUM The cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments Major/Primary Extracellular Cation Promotes water retention (edema) C/I: Hypertension, Heart Failure and Kidney Disease INTRACELLULAR EXTRACELLULAR K (1st) Na (1st) CATION Mg (2nd) Ca (2nd) Cl (1st ANION HPO4 (1ST) HCO3 (2nd) TEST FOR SODIUM TRIPLE ACETATE TEST (+) Result: Golden Yellow precipitate  SODIUM ACETATE Uses: Urinary and Systemic Alkalizer Diuretic, Antacid Test for Acetate Ion Esterification  SODIUM BICARBONATE aka Baking Soda Uses: Systemic Alkalizer (Preferred) and Antacid Urinary Alkalizer (Preferred) Antidote for Zn poisoning (oral) Test for HC03: Phenolphthalein Test Side Effect: Systemic Alkalosis Rebound Hyperacidity (also Calcium) Flatulence  SODIUM carbonate Efflorescence Highly alkaline reaction w/ water Na2C03 Uses: Production: Primary Std. SOLVAY Process Manufacture of "Soda Lime Glass” Forms & Other Names Test for CO3 Decahydrate Sal Soda, Soda Crystal Phenolphthalein Test Sesquihydrate Trona, Urao Anhydrous Soda Ash, calcined Soda  SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE NaH2PO4 Uses: Saline / Osmotic Laxative (Fleet Enema) Urinary Acidifier (Methenamine) Hypercalcemia Buffer  SODIUM METABISULFITE Na2S205 Sodium Pyrosulfite Good Reducing Agent, used as powerful preservatives SODIUM CHLORIDE aka table salt, rock salt, solar salt, sea salt, dendritic salt Electrolyte replenisher NSS Ringer’s solution Lactated Ringer's Solution Darrow' solution ORS  SODIUM CITRATE Na3C6H5O7 Sequestering agent (Benedict's Reagent) in-vitro anticoagulant for blood extraction in-vivo anticoagulant, expectorant DENIGES’ TEST Test for Citrate (+) Result CITRATE = Carmine Red TARTARIC ACID = Emerald Green  SODIUM fluoride NaF Protoplasmic poison Skin Toxicity: Painful, slow-healing burns Antidote: CALCIUM Formation of Fluoroapatite Anticariogenic agent (2%) Side effect: Dental Fluorosis (children) or mottling of teeth enamel; Skeletal Fluorosis (Premature calcification)  NaOH SODIUM hydroxide Aka Caustic Soda, Sosa, Liquid Sosa Ingestion: Saponification/Liquefactive Necrosis Very Deliquescent - easily absorb H2O & CO2 Leaching - store in SILICATES/GLASS Use in titrimetry: Alkalimetric Titrant SAPONIFICATION NaOH + Vegetable Oil Bar soap/Hard soap KOH + Vegetable OIL Liquid soap/Soft soap NaOH/KOH + Olive Oil Castile Soap NaOH/KOH + Coconut Oil Perla NaOH + Palm Oil Palmolive  SODA LIME aka Calx Sodica Use: CO2 absorber Mixture of Ca(OH)2 + NaOH SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE NaCIO NaCIO solution - aka Household bleach, Chlorox®, Zonrox®, Dakin's Solution Use: Bleaching agent Disinfectant - due to Hypochlorous acid  SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS Dakin's Solution 5% / 4-6% Disinfectant and Bleaching Labarraque's solution approx. 2.5% Agent Modified Dakin's Solution 0.45-0.5% Antiseptic NaClO Topical Solution 0.025%  SODIUM IODIDE NaI IODINE required for synthesis of thyroid hormones (e.g. T3 and T4) Source Uses: Expectorant (oral) Solubilizer of Iodine in Iodine tincture and Iodine solution (Lugol's Solution) Anti-fungal  SODIUM LACTATE Provides raw material for the regeneration of bicarbonate in the body Antacid Diuretic SODIUM nitrite aka Philippine Salitre Chemical Formula: NaNO2 Toxicity: Methemoglobinemia (Antidote: Methylene Blue) Antidote for CN-poisoning w/ Na2S203 For curing meats & fish Preservative A/E: Carcinogenic to brain & GIT (Nitrosamines production) SODIUM nitrate NaNO3 aka CHILE Saltpeter Use: Meat preservative - NITROSAMINES production Production GUGGENHEIM PROCESS  SODIUM SULFATE aka GLAUBER’S Salt, Sal Mirabile Chemical Form: Na2S Use: Saline Laxative SO4 poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract  SODIUM tartrate Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent Karl Fischer Titration: Water content determination Method 1 = Titrimetric, KFR Method II = Azeotropic/Toluene Distillation Method III = Gravimetric Saline Laxative (Internal administration) (+K) = ROCHELLE Salt Test for Tartrate: Denige’s Test (+) Result Carmine red = citrate Emerald green = tartrate SODIUM/potassium thiocyanate NaSCN/KSCN HYPOTENSIVE agent sodium thiosulfate Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3 - 5H2O aka Sodium Hyposulfite, Primatic Rice, Photographer’s Hypo, Antichlor Hypo Good reducing reagent: susceptible to air oxidation CHEMICAL antidote for CN-poisoning Management of I2 toxicity Used in Iodometry as titrant for indirect titration Remove stains of iodine  sodium perborate Use: Mild disinfectant Readily releases O2 Alternative treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis (Trench Mouth) sodium borate aka Borax Dobell’s Solution Use: Astringent, Antiseptic wash (throat & nose) Not used internally sodium monofluorophosphate Colgate Na2PFO3 Use: Anti-cariogenic agent NaF SnF2 sodium nitroprusside Chemical Formula = Na2 (Fe(CN)5NO) - 2H2O Hypotensive Agent - DOC for HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS S/E: Cyanide toxicity  sodium saccharin Artificial Sweetener Linked to bladder tumors in animal tests Test for Saccharin: FLUORESCEIN Test (+) Result = Fluorescent Green Liquid sodium ascorbate Brand names: Fern-C, Euro-C Antioxidant, Vitamin supplement (Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid/CEVITAMIC ACID) Antiscorbutic agent (Scurvy) sodium FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE Best antidote for Hg poisoning particularly for HgCl2 “Corrosive sublimate” sodium Starch glycolate Explotab Rapid tablet Disintegrant (aka SUPER DISINTEGRANTS)  monosodium glutamate aka MSG, Vetsion, Ajinomoto Flavor enhancer: “Umami/6th taste” S/E = CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME Syndrome: Light-headedness headache unocomfortable sense of warmth Dyspnea  sodium cyclamate aka “Magic Sugar” Use = Artificial Sweetener It is rescinded by the FDA for distribution, export and trade Can cause colon cancer sodium lauryl sulfate aka SLS Anionic surfactant Use: Foaming agent & surfactant Toothpaste Shampoo Shaving Cream Shark repellant SODIUM STEARATE tablet lubricant SODIUM ALGINATE Gaviscon