PCI-09.pdf - Coinage Metals & Alkaline Earth Metals

group 1-b 9 coinage metals Properties Can occur free metal state High Electrical and Thermal Conductivity High Melting and Boiling Points Complexes/Chelates Very Malleable and ductile Easy to recover from Ore lustrous appearance Copper Syn: Cuprum (Gk.) Only Reddish Meta...

group 1-b 9 coinage metals Properties Can occur free metal state High Electrical and Thermal Conductivity High Melting and Boiling Points Complexes/Chelates Very Malleable and ductile Easy to recover from Ore lustrous appearance Copper Syn: Cuprum (Gk.) Only Reddish Metal 3rd most malleable & ductile metal 2nd best conductor of electricity Functions 1. metalloenzyme Component of Hemocyanin respiratory pigment in Cytochrome Oxidase (ETC) Involve in activation of Tyrosinase Needed by Lysyl oxidase for production of connective tissues 2. Protein precipitant can disrupt the protein's native structure and lead to precipitation. 3. Essential Trace Element conversion of ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) synthesis of collagen and elastin component of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which protects neurons from oxidative damage. alloys Bronze Cu + Sn Brass Cu + Zn  Diseases Wilson disease genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of excess copper in the liver or other organs Menkes disease A rare genetic disorder that affects copper absorption and distribution, leading to severe neurological problems and growth retardation. Kayser-Fleischer Brown or green rings around the cornea of the eye, often associated with rings Wilson disease. CUPRIC SULFATE aka Blue Vitriol, Roman Vitriol, Salzburg Vitriol, Blue Stone, Chalcanthite Component in Benedict's, Fehling's, and Barfoed's Reagent Uses: Powerful emetic Antidote for Phosphorous toxicity Ingredient in Bordeaux mixture  cuprous citrate aka Hatchett’s Brown Cu3(C6H5O7) Use: Astringent (8%) Cupric hydrogen arsenite aka Scheele’s Green CuHAsO3  CUPRIC salts MOUNTAIN GREEN Copper carbonate (Native) BRUNSWICK GREEN Copper carbonate with chalk paris green/schweinfurt’s green Copper Aceto-arsenate Insecticide bordeaux mixture Cupric sulfate and lime (CaO) Algaecide and fungicide in swimming pools silver aka Argentum, Shining, Bright, Seolfor, Noble metal and Luna 2nd most malleable and ductile of all metals Best conductor of electricity and heat Pharmacologic Action: Protein precipitant (Heavy metal) Oligodynamic property (Germicidal action) Toxicity Argyria - permanent discoloration of the skin and eyes to a bluish-gray color due to the accumulation of silver in the body. Antidote: Normal Saline Solution (NSS)  silver nitrate aka Lunar caustic, Argenti Nitras, Lapiz infernulariz (caustic pencil), indelible ink USES: Treatment for warts As 1% ophthalmic solution Prophylaxis for Gonorrhea Ophthalmia Neonatorum Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn (0.5%) Component of Tollen’s Reagent Ammoniacal AgNO3 + NaOH To detect aldohexoses/aldehyde-containing sugar (+) Result: Formation of Silver Mirror ammoniacal silver nitrate aka Howe’s Solution Ag(NH3)2NO3 Use: Dental protective when mixed with 10% formaldehyde or eugenol Desensitizing agent  silver iodide AgI Insoluble Poisonous Use: Disinfectant (Surfacine) Germicide  silver PROTEINATES colloidal combinations of silver and protein Use: topical antiseptics Silver: antimicrobial property Protein: stabilizing agent TYPES OTHER NAME GENERAL USE Mild Silver Proteinate Argyrol Eye antiseptic, for vaginitis Strong Silver Proteinate Protargol Germicide for ear & throat Colloidal Silver Proteinate Collargol General Germicide Colloidal Silver Chloride Lunosol/Neosilvol stabilizer: Disodium EDTA  SILVER SULFADIAZENE aka Flammazine® (micronized), Silvadene® (1% cream), Flammacerium® (+2.2% Cerium Nitrate) Combines Oligodynamic property of Ag & antibacterial property of SDZ For Pseudomonas aeruginosa Topical Use: For prophylaxis of wound sepsis in 2° & 3° burns gold aka Aurum, King of all metals, Shining Dawn, Noble Metal Most malleable and ductile metal 3rd Best conductor of electricity 2nd Best conductor of heat Precious metal - Jewellery (Carats) Dissolved by: Aqua Regia (3 HC1 : 1 HNO%) Selenic Acid (H2Se04) the only single acid that can dissolve gold gold Toxicity: Gold Dermatitis Antidote: British Anti-Lewisite/Dimercaprol Test: Purple of Cassius Colloidal Gold with Stannic Hydroxide (Au + Sn(OH)2) (+) Reaction: purple or reddish-purple color  gold preparations COMPOUND BRAND NAME GOLD BY WEIGHT USES Treatment of gout & R.A. Aurothioglucose (IM) Solganal® 50% Gold Felty' Syndrome (RA, Nuetropenia, Splenomegaly) Gold Na Thiomalate (IM) Myochrisine® 50% Gold Treatment of gout & R.A. Auranofin (PO) Ridaura® 29% Gold Given orally for R.A. DOC for Felty's Syndrome RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints causing joint inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness. felty’s syndrome rare condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: Rheumatoid arthritis Neutropenia: Splenomegaly  group 2a 9 alkaline metals earth Alkaline earth metals located in the second group of the periodic table. Highly reactive metals have an oxidation state of +2. readily form ionic compounds with nonmetals. possess typical metallic properties such as luster, malleability, and ductility. BERYLLIUM aka Glucinum Bridge element - resembles Al The most toxic metal Tends to replace Ca & Mg in the body Never employed in medicine, all compounds of Be are toxic as well. Found in fluorescent lamp MAGNESIUM Lightest of all structurally important metals 2nd Most abundant Intracellular cation Found in chlorophyll (Photosynthesis) Present in Grignard's Reagent (R-Mg-X) used for synthesis of alcohols Pharmacologic Action: SOURCES: Saline Laxative/Cathartic As silicates (Talc, Asbestos) Depressant As carbonate (Magnesite, Dolomite) Natural calcium channel blocker As sulfate (Kieserite) Anti-Convulsant Antidote for Mg toxicity: Calcium gluconate Other use: Flares MAGNESIUM CARBONATE aka Magnesia (MgCO3)4 Mg(OH)2 5H20 Antacid Laxative MAGNESIUM OXIDE MgO aka Calcined Magnesia, Magnesia Usta (Burnt) Use: Antacid, Saline Laxative/Cathartic Curing agent - mask bitterness of Sacred Bark Component of Universal Antidote MAGNESIUM SULFATE MgS04 7H20 aka Epsom Salt, Bitter Salt PO: Cathartic IM: Anti-convulsant (DOC for seizures in eclampsia) Pre-Eclampsia Triad = HTN, Proteinuria, Edema Eclampsia = Pre-Eclampsia Triad + Seizure Antidote for Barium toxicity MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE Mg(OH)2 aka Milk of Magnesia (7-8.5%), Philips®, Magnesia Magma, Maalox® (with A1(OH)3 Antacid: (+) + Citric acid = gives a milder & less chalky taste; also it decreases alkalinity of magma Decrease Alkalinity = Decrease leaching in glass Dispensed in Blue glass containers enhances the white character of magma  talc Native Hydrated Magnesium Silicate 3MgO 4Si02 H2O aka Talcum, French Chalk, Purified Talc, Soapstone, Steatite Softest Mineral (Moh's Scale of Hardness) Uses: Dusting Powder -protective Can cause granulomas or sterile abscess on broken skin Clarifying Agent Filtering Aid Adsorbent MAGNESIUM CITRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE Mg (C6H,07)2 BEST Tablet Lubricant aka Lemonada Purgante, Purgative Lemon Use: Saline cathartic (Both Mg & Citrate) PO MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE MgCl2 6H20 Preferred salt as electrolyte replenisher (also Magnesium gluconate) Deliquescent calcium 2nd most abundant extracellular cation Major constituent of bones & teeth (Calcium Hydroxyapatite/ Cas(OH) (PO4)3) Vitamin D = required for max. absorption of Ca2+ Pharmacologic Action: For Blood coagulation: * Ca2+ is needed for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin For muscle contraction Important for release of Neurotransmitter Structural material for bones & teeth Calcium Deficiency Osteomalacia (adults) Rickets (children) Bones fail to calcify Calcium salts not deposited Bones becomes soft & rubbery, easily deformed Osteoporosis Porous bones More calcium is lost than absorbed Bones susceptible to fracture calcium bromide Sedative Depressant  CALCIUM CARBONATE USES: ANTACID - TUMS® INGREDIENT IN TOOTHPASTE CaCO3 DENTIFRICE aka Limestone, calcite, marble 2 IMPORTANT FORMS: Precipitated CaCO3 (Precipitated Chalk) Pharmacologically relevant form Prepared CaCO3 (Prepared Chalk) Impure form, calcite, marble 2 CRYSTAL FORMS: Aragonite Calcite - Natural Birefringent crystal Iceland Spar - very pure form of calcite Polarimeters - (Nicol's Prism) Exhibit optical birefringence  CALCIUM CHLORIDE aka "Muriate of Lime" CaCl2 2H20 Deliquescent USES: Calcium Replenisher Component of Ringer's Solution, LRR CALCIUM GLUCONATE Calsan® Most commonly used calcium salt as supplement & electrolyte replenisher Less irritating than CaCl Ca Citrate - electrolyte replenisher CALCIUM HYDROXIDE aka Slaked Lime, Milk of Lime, Calcium Hydrate, Hydrated Lime Uses: Antacid Saponifying agent Prevention of milk curdling promote digestibility CALCIUM LACTATE Oral treatment of calcium deficiency Prevention and retardation of osteoporosis Ideal for geriatric patients Brand Name: Calactate®, Caltrate Plus® DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CaHP04 2H20 PO: source of Ca and P in pregnancy, lactation, and Ca deficiency Provides optimum ratio of Ca to P = 1:1 Dental abrasive in toothpaste formulations tribasic CALCIUM PHOSPHATE Precipitated Calcium Phosphate CALCIUM OXIDE Bone Ash Antacid (PO) CaO aka Lime, Quicklime, Calx, Apog Component of Bordeaux mixture (insecticide) Ingredient in Vleminckx's Solution CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE CHLORINATED LIME Ca(C10)2 aka Bleaching powder, Chloride of Lime, Calx Chlorinata Bleaching agent CaCIO(CI) H20 Disinfectant Disinfectant/Antiseptic - Ignaz Semmelweis Sanitation of swimming pools Bleaching Agent CALCIUM SULFATE Plaster Paris (Hemi-hydrate) Use: preparation of surgical casts & dental impression Gypsum, Terra Alba (Dihydrate) Use: Tablet Diluent, binding agent in TLC chromatogram STRONTIUM Radioactive strontium is used as bone scanner Strontium has an affinity for bones and useful in studying bone lesions Use: Manufacture of flares STRONTIUM CHLORIDE Use: Temperature Desensitising Agent Sensodyne® Rapid Relief Active Ingredient: Strontium Acetate BARIUM "Heavy" Found in GREEN pyrotechnic Toxicity by inhalation: Baritosis Digitalis-like toxicity Antidote: Magnesium Sulfate BARIUM SULFATE BARIUM HYDROXIDE "Barium Meal" - Radiopaque for imaging of GIT Ba(OH)2 8H20 Stops passage of X-rays due to high MW Baryta water - saturated solution of Barium Doesn't dissociate in water & HCI hydroxide in water cannot be absorbed Component of Barium hydroxide Lime The only non-toxic Ba compound Similar to soda lime Side effect: Constipation used as CO2 absorber rADIUM Discovered by Marie Curie Radioactive Radioactive element use for: Cancer radiotherapy Diagnostic purpose