Telecommuting Drawbacks Quiz and Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the chapter on impacts of information systems?

The historical development of information systems

The economic benefits of information systems

The technical aspects of information systems

The social and ethical implications of information systems (correct)

What is the purpose of a code of ethics in information systems?

To provide guidelines for ethical behavior in information systems (correct)

To define the economic goals of an organization

To regulate the use of technology in personal lives

To establish technical standards for system development

What is intellectual property in the context of information systems?

A software program used to manage data

A collection of digital files

A creation of the mind, such as an idea or invention (correct)

A physical device used to store data

What is the digital divide, as described by Nielsen?

The gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the methods for improving the privacy of information?

Using encryption to protect data Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the social impacts of information technology use?

The digital divide, which affects access to information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why new laws are needed to protect from misuse of new technologies?

To handle the social impacts of new technologies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of policies implemented by organizations for information management?

To protect sensitive information from misuse Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of protection granted by a patent?

20 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for an invention to be granted a patent?

Novelty, utility, and inventiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a patent?

To give the inventor the right to stop others from making, using, or selling their invention Signup and view all the answers

What is a patent troll?

A person who gains the rights to a patent but does not actually make the invention Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of trademark protection?

To protect the consumer from confusion Signup and view all the answers

Where is a patent application open to public inspection?

18 months after filing Signup and view all the answers

What is not protected by a Canadian patent?

The invention in other countries Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for a patent to be granted?

The invention must be novel, useful, and non-obvious Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Notice and Notice Regime in the Copyright Act?

To help copyright owners deal with online copyright infringement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Creative Commons and public domain?

Public domain has absolutely no restrictions on its use or distribution, while Creative Commons has some restrictions Signup and view all the answers

What is the License on Transfer (LOT) Network?

A global organization working to reduce the risk of lawsuits from patent trolls Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a trademarked item?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Creative Commons licenses?

To provide legal tools for artists and authors to control the use of their work Signup and view all the answers

Why is effective copyright protection important?

To key to cultural expression, citizen engagement, and economic growth powered by the rapid expansion of the knowledge-based economy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Canada's domestic copyright framework?

To ensure that the rights of creators and other rights-holders are recognized and protected, and to promote access to copyrighted works Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a copyright owner sends a notice of alleged infringement to an ISP under the Notice and Notice Regime?

The ISP must forward the notice to the user and inform the copyright owner once this has been done Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol used to indicate Creative Commons licenses?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between fair use and fair dealing?

Fair use is a US concept, while fair dealing is a Canadian concept Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of patents in the context of intellectual property protection?

To provide another important form of intellectual property protection Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an author attaches a Creative Commons license to their work?

A legally binding license is created Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of trademark registration in another country?

To market goods or services in that country Signup and view all the answers

What type of trademark can be licensed to many people or companies?

Certification mark Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation on registering a trademark?

The mark includes a name or surname Signup and view all the answers

What do NFTs provide a way to do?

Limit digital items from being duplicated Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of NFTs?

To protect original works of art Signup and view all the answers

What does the term privacy refer to in the context of information systems?

The ability to control information about oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Privacy Act in Canada?

To regulate the collection and use of personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is protected by the Privacy Act in Canada?

Personal information held by government institutions Signup and view all the answers

What is personally identifiable information (PI) also known as?

Personal information Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to uniquely establish a person's identity?

Personally identifiable information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical dilemma raised by the use of digital technologies?

The potential for data breaches and privacy violations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a specific warning related to information technology in the ACM's code of ethics?

Avoid using social media platforms to express personal opinions. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the "thisisyourdigitallife" app?

To conduct a psychological research study. Signup and view all the answers

How did Cambridge Analytica obtain data from millions of Facebook users?

They purchased the data from Global Science Research. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for Mark Zuckerberg's testimony before the U.S. Congress?

To explain the data breach affecting 87 million users. Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of Henry Ford's moving assembly line illustrate?

The potential for technology to devalue human labor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a code of ethics?

To outline acceptable and unacceptable behaviors for a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the ethical dilemmas presented by Henry Ford's assembly line and those presented by digital technologies?

The degree of control individuals have over their personal information. Signup and view all the answers

How does the example of the atomic bomb demonstrate the ethical challenges of new technologies?

It highlights the need for careful consideration of the consequences of technological development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of digital technologies that contributes to ethical dilemmas?

The potential to create new forms of social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Digital Literacy Exchange Program?

To support learning opportunities for Canadians in digital literacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why intellectual property protection is important?

It encourages individuals to pursue and develop innovative ideas, leading to progress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum download speed required for broadband internet access in Canada?

5 Mbps Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for government-mandated internet censorship?

For political, religious, or cultural reasons Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Tor browser software?

To protect the privacy of users Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT protected by copyright?

An idea for a new invention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of publisher-side internet censorship?

Websites refuse to offer services to a certain class of users Signup and view all the answers

How long does copyright protection typically last?

The author's lifetime plus 50 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using the latest technology for companies in certain countries?

A competitive advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)?

To provide education and services related to intellectual property in Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Connecting Canadians program?

To ensure all Canadians have access to broadband internet with a minimum quality of 5 Mbps download speed and 1 Mbps upload speed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a right granted to a copyright holder?

The right to use the work in advertising without permission Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why it is difficult to protect an idea?

Ideas are intangible and difficult to prove ownership. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the government-run program that aims to improve broadband network access?

Connecting Canadians Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of providing public access to the internet in locations such as libraries?

To give individuals access to the internet who may not have it otherwise Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "fair dealing" refer to?

Using copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as criticism or education. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the organization that provides training programs for Canadian educators to support learning opportunities for youth?

Media Smarts Signup and view all the answers

Which organization provides information about intellectual property laws worldwide?

The World Intellectual Property Organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of limiting intellectual property protections?

It allows for greater innovation and creativity by providing a wider pool of ideas for others to use and build upon. Signup and view all the answers

What does PIPEDA require organizations to do in relation to personal information?

Inform individuals comprehensively about privacy practices. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the fair information principles outlined for businesses?

Sales Reporting Signup and view all the answers

What rights do individuals have concerning their personal information held by organizations?

The right to access and challenge its accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of telecommuting?

Enhanced corporate culture Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons why telecommuting has become more common in recent years?

Advancements in technology enabling remote work Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason regulators are concerned about cookies on websites?

They can track online behavior without consent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Canadian provinces has its own legislation similar to PIPEDA?

Ontario Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback of telecommuting for employers?

Difficulty in monitoring employee performance Signup and view all the answers

Which federal law governs cookies, spam, and other electronic threats in Canada?

Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback of telecommuting for employees?

Difficulty in separating work and personal life Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary factor that accelerated the transition to remote work environments?

The COVID-19 pandemic Signup and view all the answers

What must organizations do if they wish to use personal information for a purpose other than originally collected?

They must obtain consent again from the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada?

To outline guidelines for businesses regarding personal information protection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of telecommuting for employees?

Enhanced job security Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential concern about telecommuting for employees?

Increased susceptibility to distractions at home Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'Openness' in fair information principles require from organizations?

To be transparent about their policies and practices regarding personal information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential solution to the challenge of loneliness and isolation associated with telecommuting?

Promoting frequent in-person team meetings Signup and view all the answers

Which information is considered personal information under PIPEDA?

Individuals' financial information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential solution to the challenge of maintaining a strong corporate culture in a remote work environment?

Encouraging employees to participate in team-building activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential solution to the challenge of distractions at home for telecommuting employees?

Working in a dedicated home office Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor contributing to the digital divide in Northern Canada?

Economic and geographical obstacles Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the digital divide addresses the ability to afford access to technology?

Economic divide Signup and view all the answers

What does the usability divide emphasize in relation to technology use?

Digital literacy skills Signup and view all the answers

The empowerment divide focuses on which aspect of technology usage?

Understanding technology's power Signup and view all the answers

How does low digital literacy affect social mobility among children?

It creates educational disadvantages. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the digital divide regarding democracy?

Limited online participation in elections Signup and view all the answers

According to the Miniwatts Marketing Group, what more than just access does the digital divide encompass?

Quality of online experiences Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of rural households in Canada have access to high-speed internet?

46% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge contributing to the digital divide?

High rates of urbanization Signup and view all the answers

What organization provides insights into the economic representation of rural and remote communities in Canada?

Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks Signup and view all the answers

What does internet censorship primarily relate to?

Restricting access to online information Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of personally identifiable information (PI)?

It uniquely identifies a person and can pinpoint their identity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non-fungible tokens (NFTs)?

They create ownership by tokenizing unique digital files into a blockchain. Signup and view all the answers

What primary concern do patent trolls represent?

Acquiring patents without the intention of producing products. Signup and view all the answers

What role do website cookies play in the online experience?

They help personalize a website and retain user preferences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the License on Transfer (LOT) Network?

To reduce the risk of lawsuits from patent holders. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the concept of privacy in the digital age?

The control over information circulated about oneself. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of trademarks?

They can include a unique sound or shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of intellectual property?

A patent for a new type of engine Signup and view all the answers

What does a trademark primarily protect?

Symbols, logos, or brand names Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the digital divide highlight?

The disparity in access to digital technology Signup and view all the answers

Which law in Canada protects personal information?

Privacy Act Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a code of ethics?

To define acceptable behaviors for a professional group Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Jakob Nielsen's stages of the digital divide?

Economic divide Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of fair dealing?

Permitting limited use of protected works under certain conditions Signup and view all the answers

How can an individual obtain copyright for a creative work?

Automatically upon its creation Signup and view all the answers

Which organization provides legal tools for artists and authors?

Creative Commons Signup and view all the answers

What does the term personally identifiable information refer to?

Information that can be used to identify an individual Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of creating a code of ethics for a professional group?

It clarifies acceptable standards of behavior within the group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of a code of ethics in the context of rapidly evolving technology?

It may not be updated frequently enough to address new ethical challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical concern raised regarding the implementation of computer systems in organizations?

The potential for systems to be biased against certain groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of violating a code of ethics, according to the text?

Expulsion from the professional organization that created the code. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a diverse membership pose a challenge to creating an effective code of ethics for an organization?

Members from different backgrounds may have conflicting views on what is ethical behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the role of organizational leaders in the implementation of computer systems?

To ensure that systems enhance the quality of working life for all employees. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major impact of digital technologies on intellectual property, according to the text?

It has made it more challenging to enforce intellectual property rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of intellectual property rights?

To encourage innovation and creativity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that makes it more difficult to defend intellectual property in the digital age?

The increasing number of patent applications. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the text regarding the ethical considerations of implementing computer systems?

Organizations have a responsibility to design systems that are fair and equitable. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter Introduction

Information systems influence various sectors, urging the development of new ethical and legal frameworks.
Organizations need to implement information management policies to safeguard user behavior and data privacy.
The chapter addresses ethics, intellectual property rights, privacy issues, the digital divide, and broader social impacts of technology.

Information Systems Ethics

Ethics pertains to moral principles guiding individual or collective conduct.
New technologies can alter human behavior significantly, raising ethical questions about their impact.
Historical examples illustrate technology's dual-edged nature, such as the assembly line devaluing human labor and atomic weapons concentrating power.
Digital technologies can gather vast amounts of personal data, creating ethical dilemmas about privacy and surveillance.
Facebook's data breach in 2018 highlighted the rapid advancement of technology outpacing legislative protections for user data.

Code of Ethics

A code of ethics establishes acceptable behaviors within a professional community, fostering clarity and accountability.
ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) serves as an example, emphasizing honesty, permission before accessing systems, and prioritizing human dignity in technology.
While a code of ethics lacks legal authority, violations can lead to consequences like membership termination in professional organizations.

Intellectual Property and Copyright

Intellectual property (IP) encompasses creations of the mind, such as inventions and artistic works.
Copyright protects original works, granting authors control over reproduction, distribution, and derivative works.
Copyright protection lasts for the author's lifetime plus 50 years, encouraging creativity by assuring rights to creators.
Fair use in the U.S. and fair dealing in Canada allow limited use of copyrighted works without permission, with each having distinct legal interpretations.

Copyright and Digital Technologies

Digital technologies complicate creation and distribution, necessitating regulations like Canada's Notice and Notice regime for online copyright infringement.
Creative Commons provides a framework for authors to license their works while retaining control over usage.

Patents and Trademarks

Patents protect inventions, granting inventors exclusive rights for up to 20 years.
Examples of patentable inventions range from semiconductor designs to pharmaceuticals and business processes.
To be patentable, an invention must be novel, functional (utility), and not obvious to those skilled in the field.
Patent applications are publicly accessible after 18 months but must be filed separately in each country for international protection.### Patents and Patent Trolling
The rise of digital technologies has led to an increase in patent filings, resulting in more patents being granted.
Patent holders can sue for unauthorized use of their inventions to enforce their rights.
Patent trolls, individuals or organizations owning patents without using them, profit by suing others for alleged infringements, often questionable in nature.
The License on Transfer (LOT) Network aims to mitigate risks from patent trolls by sharing licenses.

Trademarks

A trademark consists of identifiable elements like words, phrases, logos, shapes, or sounds that signify a source of goods/services.
Trademarks protect consumer interests by preventing confusion among similar brands.
Trademark protection is obtained through registration with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO).
There are two categories of trademarks: ordinary trademarks (e.g., logos, names) and certification trademarks (indicate adherence to standards).
Certain elements cannot be trademarked, including names, descriptive marks, and geographical indicators.

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

NFTs create a unique digital certificate on the blockchain, preventing duplication of digital items.
They can represent various digital assets, including art, videos, or lines of code.
Examples include Beeple's collage sold for over $69 million and Nyan Cat sold for nearly $600,000.

Privacy and Personal Information

Privacy is defined as one's ability to control personal information, which has diminished in recent decades.
The Privacy Act governs how the Canadian federal government collects and discloses personal information, allowing individual access to this information.
Personally Identifiable Information (PI) includes details like names, Social Insurance Numbers, biometric records, and financial information.
The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) mandates that organizations ensure meaningful consent from individuals regarding their data.

Fair Information Principles

Ten fair information principles must be followed by businesses to protect personal data:
- Accountability
- Identifying purposes
- Consent
- Limiting collection
- Limiting use, disclosure, and retention
- Accuracy
- Safeguards
- Openness
- Individual access
- Challenging compliance

Cookies and Online Privacy

Cookies are small files stored on users' computers by websites, which can personalize experiences or track behavior.
Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) regulates the use of cookies and aims to protect users against unauthorized tracking.

The Digital Divide

The digital divide refers to unequal access to technology and the internet across different socioeconomic groups and regions.
Northern Canada faces significant technological disparities due to economic and geographic limitations.
The digital divide consists of three stages:
- Economic divide (affordability issues)
- Usability divide (lack of digital literacy)
- Empowerment divide (understanding technology's potential)

Bridging the Digital Divide in Canada

Broadband internet is recognized as a basic service by regulatory authorities to ensure wider access.
Government programs aim to improve broadband access and digital literacy, with a focus on essential service levels (5 Mbps download, 1 Mbps upload).

Internet Censorship

Censorship of online content can be executed by governments and corporations for political, religious, or cultural reasons.
Two main types of censorship exist: user-side (blocking access to content) and publisher-side (restricting services based on user class).

Telecommuting and Remote Work

Remote work uses technology to allow employees to work from various locations, a trend accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Advantages include enhanced flexibility, improved work-life balance, reduced commute times, and potentially increased productivity.
Challenges involve feelings of isolation, difficulties in collaboration, and communication barriers.### Impacts of Remote Work
Many remote workers experience decreased productivity due to home distractions and inadequate workspaces.
Privacy concerns arise when personal life intersects with work, like interruptions from family members or pets during calls.

Digital Technologies and Ethics

Digital technologies have introduced new ethical dilemmas for individuals and organizations.
Ethics are defined as moral principles guiding behavior, while a code of ethics establishes acceptable conduct for professional groups.

Intellectual Property Protections

Intellectual property (IP) safeguards creations of the mind, including copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
Copyright protects original works such as literature and music, with ownership granted upon creation.
Patents provide exclusive rights for inventions, requiring detailed disclosure for legal protection.
Trademarks protect identifiers for goods and services, such as logos and phrases.