Cellular Respiration and Artificial Sweeteners Quiz

Cellular Respiration: From Acetyl-CoA Formation to Artificial Sweeteners

• When oxygen is present, aerobic metabolism proceeds in the mitochondria by removing one carbon from pyruvate and releasing it as CO2, and combining the remaining 2-carbon compound with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
• Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, combining with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which removes one carbon at a time to produce CO2 and generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per turn.
• The citric acid cycle produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule and removes electrons for use in the electron transport chain (ETC).
• The ETC consists of a series of protein complexes and organic molecules associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane, accepting electrons from NADH and FADH2 and passing them down the chain until they combine with oxygen to form water.
• Chemiosmosis uses the released energy to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient, which is used to make ATP by ATP synthase.
• Glycolysis in the cytosol of the cell splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing high-energy electrons and two molecules of ATP per glucose.
• Fructose enters the Krebs cycle without regulation, while glucose metabolism is regulated by phosphofructokinase based on liver energy status.
• Fructose metabolism is carried out by fructokinase, which is not inhibited by ATP, leading to continued metabolism even when liver energy status is high and an increase in triglycerides.
• Non-nutritive sweeteners like saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, and neotame are used to substitute for table sugar in more than 6000 new food products introduced in the US.
• The consumption of artificial sweeteners and its link to increased obesity-related risks is highly controversial, as individuals who consume artificial sweeteners may be different in other ways from those who don’t.
• The impact of consuming exclusively fructose or glucose, and the role of artificial sweeteners in obesity-related risks, are subjects of scientific controversy and ongoing research.
• The use of artificial sweeteners in various products, including carbonated drinks, baby products, and convenience foods, has become widespread, with sucralose being the most popular followed by acesulfame potassium and aspartame.

Cellular Respiration: From Acetyl-CoA Formation to Artificial Sweeteners

• When oxygen is present, aerobic metabolism proceeds in the mitochondria by removing one carbon from pyruvate and releasing it as CO2, and combining the remaining 2-carbon compound with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
• Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, combining with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which removes one carbon at a time to produce CO2 and generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per turn.
• The citric acid cycle produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule and removes electrons for use in the electron transport chain (ETC).
• The ETC consists of a series of protein complexes and organic molecules associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane, accepting electrons from NADH and FADH2 and passing them down the chain until they combine with oxygen to form water.
• Chemiosmosis uses the released energy to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient, which is used to make ATP by ATP synthase.
• Glycolysis in the cytosol of the cell splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing high-energy electrons and two molecules of ATP per glucose.
• Fructose enters the Krebs cycle without regulation, while glucose metabolism is regulated by phosphofructokinase based on liver energy status.
• Fructose metabolism is carried out by fructokinase, which is not inhibited by ATP, leading to continued metabolism even when liver energy status is high and an increase in triglycerides.
• Non-nutritive sweeteners like saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, and neotame are used to substitute for table sugar in more than 6000 new food products introduced in the US.
• The consumption of artificial sweeteners and its link to increased obesity-related risks is highly controversial, as individuals who consume artificial sweeteners may be different in other ways from those who don’t.
• The impact of consuming exclusively fructose or glucose, and the role of artificial sweeteners in obesity-related risks, are subjects of scientific controversy and ongoing research.
• The use of artificial sweeteners in various products, including carbonated drinks, baby products, and convenience foods, has become widespread, with sucralose being the most popular followed by acesulfame potassium and aspartame.