Cellular Components and Functions

Cell Parts

• Nucleoid Region: In prokaryotes, contains DNA.
• Nucleolus: In eukaryotes, makes ribosomes and has no membrane.
• Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material.
• Rough ER: Accepts mRNA to make proteins.
• Smooth ER: Detoxifies and makes lipids.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and distributes proteins, exists only in eukaryotes.
• Vesicular Transport: Two types, COPII (forward) and COPI (return).
• Cisternal Maturation: Vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis is made, involving cis, medial, trans, and exit stages.
• Centrioles: Consist of 9 groups of microtubules, which pull chromosomes apart.
• Lysosomes: Demonstration and recycling center, made by Golgi, with a single membrane.
• Plasmids: In prokaryotes, carry DNA not necessary for survival.

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments: Made up of actin.
• Microtubules: Made up of tubulin.
• Intermediate Filaments: Consist of keratin, vimentin, and desmin, which is similar to lamin.

Tissues

• Epithelial Tissues: Have two main types: parenchyma (functional parts of an organ) and stroma (supporting tissues).
• Epithelial Tissue Types: Include simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudostratified (one layer, but appears multilayered), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (long and narrow), and squamous (flat, scale-like).
• Connective Tissues: Consist of stroma (support, extracellular matrix), including bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood.

Genetic Recombination

• Transformation: Receives genetic information from the environment.
• Conjugation: Transfers genetic information via a conjugation bridge, involving F+ to F or Hfr to recipient.
• Transduction: Transfers genetic information using bacteriophage.
• Transposons: Genetic information that can insert or remove itself.

Bacteria

• Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen.
• Obligate Anaerobes: Die in oxygen.
• Facultative Anaerobes: Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
• Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Do not use oxygen but can tolerate it.
• Gram + Bacteria: Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with lipoteichoic acid, staining purple.
• Gram - Bacteria: Have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membrane, staining pink-red.

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote

• Eukaryote Characteristics: Electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria, large ribosomes, reproduction via mitosis, and lack of plasmids.
• Prokaryote Characteristics: ETC in cell membrane, small ribosomes, reproduction via binary fission, and presence of plasmids.

Miscellaneous

• Prions: Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding, changing from alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheets, and affecting solubility.
• Viroids: Plant pathogens.

Viruses

• Capsid: A protein coat.
• Envelope: A lipid envelope, present in some viruses.
• Virion: An individual virus particle.
• Bacteriophage: A virus that targets bacteria, using a tail sheath to inject DNA/RNA.
• Viral Genome: Can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded.
• Single Strand RNA Viruses: Can be positive sense (can be translated by host cell) or negative sense (requires RNA replicase to synthesize a complementary strand).
• Retrovirus: Has a single-stranded RNA genome, requiring reverse transcriptase to make DNA.

Cell Parts

• Nucleoid Region: In prokaryotes, contains DNA.
• Nucleolus: In eukaryotes, makes ribosomes and has no membrane.
• Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material.
• Rough ER: Accepts mRNA to make proteins.
• Smooth ER: Detoxifies and makes lipids.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and distributes proteins, exists only in eukaryotes.
• Vesicular Transport: Two types, COPII (forward) and COPI (return).
• Cisternal Maturation: Vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis is made, involving cis, medial, trans, and exit stages.
• Centrioles: Consist of 9 groups of microtubules, which pull chromosomes apart.
• Lysosomes: Demonstration and recycling center, made by Golgi, with a single membrane.
• Plasmids: In prokaryotes, carry DNA not necessary for survival.

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments: Made up of actin.
• Microtubules: Made up of tubulin.
• Intermediate Filaments: Consist of keratin, vimentin, and desmin, which is similar to lamin.

Tissues

• Epithelial Tissues: Have two main types: parenchyma (functional parts of an organ) and stroma (supporting tissues).
• Epithelial Tissue Types: Include simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudostratified (one layer, but appears multilayered), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (long and narrow), and squamous (flat, scale-like).
• Connective Tissues: Consist of stroma (support, extracellular matrix), including bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood.

Genetic Recombination

• Transformation: Receives genetic information from the environment.
• Conjugation: Transfers genetic information via a conjugation bridge, involving F+ to F or Hfr to recipient.
• Transduction: Transfers genetic information using bacteriophage.
• Transposons: Genetic information that can insert or remove itself.

Bacteria

• Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen.
• Obligate Anaerobes: Die in oxygen.
• Facultative Anaerobes: Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
• Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Do not use oxygen but can tolerate it.
• Gram + Bacteria: Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with lipoteichoic acid, staining purple.
• Gram - Bacteria: Have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membrane, staining pink-red.

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote

• Eukaryote Characteristics: Electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria, large ribosomes, reproduction via mitosis, and lack of plasmids.
• Prokaryote Characteristics: ETC in cell membrane, small ribosomes, reproduction via binary fission, and presence of plasmids.

Miscellaneous

• Prions: Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding, changing from alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheets, and affecting solubility.
• Viroids: Plant pathogens.

Viruses

• Capsid: A protein coat.
• Envelope: A lipid envelope, present in some viruses.
• Virion: An individual virus particle.
• Bacteriophage: A virus that targets bacteria, using a tail sheath to inject DNA/RNA.
• Viral Genome: Can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded.
• Single Strand RNA Viruses: Can be positive sense (can be translated by host cell) or negative sense (requires RNA replicase to synthesize a complementary strand).
• Retrovirus: Has a single-stranded RNA genome, requiring reverse transcriptase to make DNA.