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Questions and Answers
What structure in the cell makes ribosomes and sits in the nucleus?
Nucleolus
Which organelle modifies and distributes proteins in eukaryotic cells?
Plasmids are found in eukaryotic cells.
False
______ region is the DNA region in prokaryotes.
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Match the tissues with their descriptions:
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What is the term for transfer of genetic information via bacteriophage?
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What do nucleolus do?
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What is the function of peroxisomes?
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Centrioles are involved in pulling chromosomes apart during cell division.
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Gram-positive bacteria have a __________ peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall.
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Match the following genetic recombination methods with their descriptions:
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What triggers the misfolding of proteins in prions?
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What is the function of a capsid in viruses?
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Study Notes
Cell Parts
- Nucleoid Region: In prokaryotes, contains DNA.
- Nucleolus: In eukaryotes, makes ribosomes and has no membrane.
- Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material.
- Rough ER: Accepts mRNA to make proteins.
- Smooth ER: Detoxifies and makes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and distributes proteins, exists only in eukaryotes.
- Vesicular Transport: Two types, COPII (forward) and COPI (return).
- Cisternal Maturation: Vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis is made, involving cis, medial, trans, and exit stages.
- Centrioles: Consist of 9 groups of microtubules, which pull chromosomes apart.
- Lysosomes: Demonstration and recycling center, made by Golgi, with a single membrane.
- Plasmids: In prokaryotes, carry DNA not necessary for survival.
Cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments: Made up of actin.
- Microtubules: Made up of tubulin.
- Intermediate Filaments: Consist of keratin, vimentin, and desmin, which is similar to lamin.
Tissues
- Epithelial Tissues: Have two main types: parenchyma (functional parts of an organ) and stroma (supporting tissues).
- Epithelial Tissue Types: Include simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudostratified (one layer, but appears multilayered), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (long and narrow), and squamous (flat, scale-like).
- Connective Tissues: Consist of stroma (support, extracellular matrix), including bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood.
Genetic Recombination
- Transformation: Receives genetic information from the environment.
- Conjugation: Transfers genetic information via a conjugation bridge, involving F+ to F or Hfr to recipient.
- Transduction: Transfers genetic information using bacteriophage.
- Transposons: Genetic information that can insert or remove itself.
Bacteria
- Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen.
- Obligate Anaerobes: Die in oxygen.
- Facultative Anaerobes: Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Do not use oxygen but can tolerate it.
- Gram + Bacteria: Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with lipoteichoic acid, staining purple.
- Gram - Bacteria: Have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membrane, staining pink-red.
Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
- Eukaryote Characteristics: Electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria, large ribosomes, reproduction via mitosis, and lack of plasmids.
- Prokaryote Characteristics: ETC in cell membrane, small ribosomes, reproduction via binary fission, and presence of plasmids.
Miscellaneous
- Prions: Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding, changing from alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheets, and affecting solubility.
- Viroids: Plant pathogens.
Viruses
- Capsid: A protein coat.
- Envelope: A lipid envelope, present in some viruses.
- Virion: An individual virus particle.
- Bacteriophage: A virus that targets bacteria, using a tail sheath to inject DNA/RNA.
- Viral Genome: Can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded.
- Single Strand RNA Viruses: Can be positive sense (can be translated by host cell) or negative sense (requires RNA replicase to synthesize a complementary strand).
- Retrovirus: Has a single-stranded RNA genome, requiring reverse transcriptase to make DNA.
Cell Parts
- Nucleoid Region: In prokaryotes, contains DNA.
- Nucleolus: In eukaryotes, makes ribosomes and has no membrane.
- Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material.
- Rough ER: Accepts mRNA to make proteins.
- Smooth ER: Detoxifies and makes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and distributes proteins, exists only in eukaryotes.
- Vesicular Transport: Two types, COPII (forward) and COPI (return).
- Cisternal Maturation: Vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis is made, involving cis, medial, trans, and exit stages.
- Centrioles: Consist of 9 groups of microtubules, which pull chromosomes apart.
- Lysosomes: Demonstration and recycling center, made by Golgi, with a single membrane.
- Plasmids: In prokaryotes, carry DNA not necessary for survival.
Cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments: Made up of actin.
- Microtubules: Made up of tubulin.
- Intermediate Filaments: Consist of keratin, vimentin, and desmin, which is similar to lamin.
Tissues
- Epithelial Tissues: Have two main types: parenchyma (functional parts of an organ) and stroma (supporting tissues).
- Epithelial Tissue Types: Include simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudostratified (one layer, but appears multilayered), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (long and narrow), and squamous (flat, scale-like).
- Connective Tissues: Consist of stroma (support, extracellular matrix), including bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood.
Genetic Recombination
- Transformation: Receives genetic information from the environment.
- Conjugation: Transfers genetic information via a conjugation bridge, involving F+ to F or Hfr to recipient.
- Transduction: Transfers genetic information using bacteriophage.
- Transposons: Genetic information that can insert or remove itself.
Bacteria
- Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen.
- Obligate Anaerobes: Die in oxygen.
- Facultative Anaerobes: Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Do not use oxygen but can tolerate it.
- Gram + Bacteria: Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with lipoteichoic acid, staining purple.
- Gram - Bacteria: Have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membrane, staining pink-red.
Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
- Eukaryote Characteristics: Electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria, large ribosomes, reproduction via mitosis, and lack of plasmids.
- Prokaryote Characteristics: ETC in cell membrane, small ribosomes, reproduction via binary fission, and presence of plasmids.
Miscellaneous
- Prions: Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding, changing from alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheets, and affecting solubility.
- Viroids: Plant pathogens.
Viruses
- Capsid: A protein coat.
- Envelope: A lipid envelope, present in some viruses.
- Virion: An individual virus particle.
- Bacteriophage: A virus that targets bacteria, using a tail sheath to inject DNA/RNA.
- Viral Genome: Can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded.
- Single Strand RNA Viruses: Can be positive sense (can be translated by host cell) or negative sense (requires RNA replicase to synthesize a complementary strand).
- Retrovirus: Has a single-stranded RNA genome, requiring reverse transcriptase to make DNA.
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Description
Learn about the different parts of a cell, including their structures and functions. From nucleoid regions to Golgi apparatus, this quiz covers it all.
