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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?
Which organelle is responsible for the degradation of intracellular proteins?
What is the main function of the smooth ER?
What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
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What is the composition of the cell membrane?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
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What is the function of the endosome in a cell?
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What percentage of the membrane is composed of membrane proteins?
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What type of protein becomes the receptors inside the cell?
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What is the purpose of the hemoglobin A1C test?
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In which type of protein is a carbohydrate attached?
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What is the direction of movement in diffusion?
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What is the primary difference between osmosis and diffusion?
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What is the characteristic of transport that differentiates it from diffusion and osmosis?
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What is the purpose of the sodium/potassium pump?
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Study Notes
Cellular Organelles and Their Functions
- Cytosol: involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell signaling
- Cytoskeleton: maintains cell shape, enables cell movement, and facilitates transport
- Nucleus: holds genome, synthesizes DNA and RNA
- Mitochondria: generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, stores calcium
- Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, stores calcium
- Ribosomes: translates mRNA into proteins
- Rough ER: translates mRNA into membrane proteins for secretion
- Lysosome: facilitates intracellular degradation
- Endosome: mediates cellular uptake of cholesterol, removal of receptors from the plasma membrane, uptake of small molecules and water into the cell
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery within the cell or secretion
- Proteosome: degrades intracellular proteins
- Peroxisome: detoxifies substances
Cell Membrane Composition
- 5 nm-thick lipid bilayer composed of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
- Lipids include phospholipids and phosphoglycerides
- Polar ends form the surface (hydrophilic) and non-polar ends face inward (hydrophobic)
- Composition varies according to cell type
- Lipid bilayer helps with cell signaling
- Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane at normal body temperature, involved in cell building and repair
Membrane Proteins
- 50% of the membrane is composed of membrane proteins (integral, lipid-anchored, or peripheral)
- Integral proteins: embedded in the lipid bilayer, span the bilayer (transmembrane proteins), act as receptors inside the cell
- Lipid-anchored proteins: covalently bonded to lipid molecules
- Peripheral proteins: associated with the lipid bilayer, often bound to integral or lipid-anchored proteins
- Outer membrane proteins undergo glycosylation (attachment of a carbohydrate to a protein)
Cellular Processes
- Diffusion: particles move from high to low concentration areas
- Osmosis: water moves from high to low concentration areas
- Transport: movement of molecules or substances, can go against the concentration gradient (requires energy)
- Active transport: uses ATP, example: Sodium/ Potassium pump
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Description
Test your knowledge of the basic molecular structure and functions of cellular organelles, including cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and more.
