Cell Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?

  • Synthesis of lipids
  • Creates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Regulation of cell shape
  • Translation of mRNA into proteins

Which organelle is responsible for the degradation of intracellular proteins?

  • Lysosome
  • Proteosome (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Peroxisome

What is the main function of the smooth ER?

  • Synthesis of lipids (correct)
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Intracellular degradation
  • Cellular uptake of cholesterol

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Cell shape, movement, and transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

<p>Lipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

<p>Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

<p>Stabilizes the membrane at normal body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endosome in a cell?

<p>Cellular uptake of cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the membrane is composed of membrane proteins?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein becomes the receptors inside the cell?

<p>Integral proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the hemoglobin A1C test?

<p>To measure glucose levels in the past 3-4 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of protein is a carbohydrate attached?

<p>Glycosylated proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of movement in diffusion?

<p>From high to low concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between osmosis and diffusion?

<p>The type of molecules involved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of transport that differentiates it from diffusion and osmosis?

<p>It requires energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sodium/potassium pump?

<p>To maintain the concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cellular Organelles and Their Functions

  • Cytosol: involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell signaling
  • Cytoskeleton: maintains cell shape, enables cell movement, and facilitates transport
  • Nucleus: holds genome, synthesizes DNA and RNA
  • Mitochondria: generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, stores calcium
  • Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, stores calcium
  • Ribosomes: translates mRNA into proteins
  • Rough ER: translates mRNA into membrane proteins for secretion
  • Lysosome: facilitates intracellular degradation
  • Endosome: mediates cellular uptake of cholesterol, removal of receptors from the plasma membrane, uptake of small molecules and water into the cell
  • Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery within the cell or secretion
  • Proteosome: degrades intracellular proteins
  • Peroxisome: detoxifies substances

Cell Membrane Composition

  • 5 nm-thick lipid bilayer composed of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • Lipids include phospholipids and phosphoglycerides
  • Polar ends form the surface (hydrophilic) and non-polar ends face inward (hydrophobic)
  • Composition varies according to cell type
  • Lipid bilayer helps with cell signaling
  • Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane at normal body temperature, involved in cell building and repair

Membrane Proteins

  • 50% of the membrane is composed of membrane proteins (integral, lipid-anchored, or peripheral)
  • Integral proteins: embedded in the lipid bilayer, span the bilayer (transmembrane proteins), act as receptors inside the cell
  • Lipid-anchored proteins: covalently bonded to lipid molecules
  • Peripheral proteins: associated with the lipid bilayer, often bound to integral or lipid-anchored proteins
  • Outer membrane proteins undergo glycosylation (attachment of a carbohydrate to a protein)

Cellular Processes

  • Diffusion: particles move from high to low concentration areas
  • Osmosis: water moves from high to low concentration areas
  • Transport: movement of molecules or substances, can go against the concentration gradient (requires energy)
  • Active transport: uses ATP, example: Sodium/ Potassium pump

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