Cell Structure and Functions

Plasma membrane: a thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out.
Cytoplasm: a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many cellular activities take place.
Nucleus: the control center of the cell where DNA is stored.
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): a network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste.
Golgi apparatus: a complex of flattened sacs and tubules that process and modify proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER.

Metabolism: the process of converting energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms.
Growth and development: the process by which cells grow, differentiate, and become specialized to perform specific functions.
Response to stimuli: the ability of cells to react to changes in their environment, such as light, temperature, or touch.
Reproduction: the process by which cells divide to produce new cells.

Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus and are typically found in single-celled organisms such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus and are found in more complex organisms such as plants and animals.
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types.

Mitosis: the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Meiosis: the process of cell division that occurs in gametes (sperm and egg cells) and results in four daughter cells that are genetically unique.

Plasma membrane is a thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many cellular activities take place, including metabolic pathways and protein synthesis.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored, and it plays a crucial role in regulating cellular activities.
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration, producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a byproduct.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport, and it is also responsible for detoxification and calcium storage.
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs, and they are responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste, maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Golgi apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules that process and modify proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER, and it is responsible for protein sorting and packaging.

Metabolism involves the process of converting energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms, including ATP, amino acids, and carbohydrates.
Growth and development involve the process by which cells grow, differentiate, and become specialized to perform specific functions, such as muscle cells or nerve cells.
Response to stimuli involves the ability of cells to react to changes in their environment, such as light, temperature, or touch, and it is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Reproduction involves the process by which cells divide to produce new cells, ensuring the continuation of life.

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and are typically found in single-celled organisms such as bacteria, with an average size of 0.5-5.0 micrometers.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and are found in more complex organisms such as plants and animals, with an average size of 10-30 micrometers.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types, and they play a crucial role in embryonic development and tissue regeneration.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, involving four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in gametes (sperm and egg cells) and results in four daughter cells that are genetically unique, involving two successive cell divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.