Cell Transport and Cell Division Quiz

Study Notes

Cell Transport

Passive transport moves substances across a membrane without energy input.
- Diffusion moves substances from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to aid movement of substances down their concentration gradient.
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
- Pumps, such as the sodium-potassium pump, use ATP to move specific ions.
- Endocytosis involves taking substances into the cell by forming vesicles.
- Exocytosis involves releasing substances from the cell by fusing vesicles with the membrane.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
- Key stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
- Function: growth, repair, asexual reproduction.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.
- Two rounds of division (meiosis I and meiosis II).
- Function: sexual reproduction, generating genetic diversity through recombination.
- Crossing over occurs during prophase I, leading to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
- Independent assortment of chromosomes further increases genetic variation.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
- Takes place in chloroplasts, specifically the thylakoid membranes and stroma.
- Light-dependent reactions capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
- Inputs: carbon dioxide, water, light energy.
- Outputs: oxygen, glucose.
- Factors affecting photosynthesis: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
- Occurs in the mitochondria.
- Glycolysis is the first step, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
- Aerobic respiration (requires oxygen):
  - Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) further breaks down pyruvate, producing NADH and FADH2.
  - Electron transport chain uses these electron carriers to generate a large amount of ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen):
  - Fermentation, such as alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation, produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
- Inputs: glucose, oxygen.
- Outputs: carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
- Factors affecting cellular respiration include the availability of glucose and oxygen.

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of cell transport mechanisms including passive and active transport, as well as the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Test your understanding of how substances move across cell membranes and the stages of cell division.