Mitosis and Cell Transport Quiz

Mitosis Stages

• Interphase: Chromosomes become visible; DNA already copied.
• Prophase: Each chromosome consists of two chromatids; nuclear membrane breaks down.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
• Anaphase: Chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell; each chromatid is now called a chromosome.
• Cytokinesis: Cell splits into two.

Mitosis Overview

• Mitosis is cell division in body cells (not gametes).
• It produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
• Daughter cells have the same genetic makeup as the parent cell.

Active Transport

• Cells sometimes move molecules against their concentration gradient or transport large molecules through membranes.
• This is called active transport, using transport proteins in cell membranes.
• Active transport requires energy.
• Passive processes like osmosis and diffusion do not require energy.

Osmosis

• Water moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
• Example: Potato experiment.

Enzymes

• In humans, digestive enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller subunits.
• Digested molecules are absorbed by the small intestine.

Types of Enzymes and Digestion

• Starch breakdown produces glucose molecules.
• Protein breakdown produces amino acids.
• Lipid breakdown produces fatty acids.

Post-Digestion Synthesis

• Absorbed small molecules build larger molecules in cells and tissues.
• This process is called synthesis.
• Complex carbohydrates and proteins are polymers, made from smaller monomers.