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Biology Chapter 5: Mitosis and Transport Mechanisms
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Biology Chapter 5: Mitosis and Transport Mechanisms

Created by
@LuxuriousNewton

Questions and Answers

Which of the following materials is NOT mentioned as needed for the experiment?

  • Beakers
  • Copper sulfate solution
  • Raisins
  • Sand (correct)

    • The raisins will change appearance after being placed in water for some time.

    True

    What type of transport mechanism is being investigated with the raisins?

    Osmosis

    The mixture tested for the presence of starch in procedure D changes to _______ when iodine solution is added.

    <p>purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the setups with their corresponding observations:

    <p>Setup A = Raisins swell and change appearance Setup B = Sugar dissolves in water Setup C = Coffee granules diffuse in water Setup D = Presence of starch indicated by a color change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Setup B, what is done to the sugar in the first beaker?

    <p>It is stirred until dissolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Setup C, hot water is used to demonstrate diffusion of coffee granules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a funnel in Setup D?

    <p>To filter the mixture and collect the filtrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Provides structure and protects the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An electrochemical gradient only includes the concentration gradient of ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the difference in charge across a membrane?

    <p>membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In passive transport, a substance moves _____ its concentration gradient without the use of energy.

    <p>down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of transport with their characteristics:

    <p>Passive Transport = Uses energy (ATP) for movement against the gradient Active Transport = Moves substances down their gradient without energy Diffusion = Random mixing of particles due to kinetic energy Facilitated Diffusion = Uses membrane channels for ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of cell division do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant tumors do not invade nearby tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase?

    <p>It forms around the uncoiled chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cancer with their descriptions:

    <p>Carcinomas = Cancer that originates from epithelial cells Melanomas = Cancer of the skin Leukemia = Cancer from the bone marrow Lymphoma = Cancer of the lymphatic tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process starts during late anaphase or early telophase?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells exhibit selective permeability, allowing all substances to pass through easily.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms visible structures during cytokinesis in plant cells?

    <p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of somatic cell division?

    <p>Growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in two identical daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell?

    <p>2 sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Interphase, the phase where DNA is replicated is called ______.

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of cell division with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 = Replication of organelles and cellular components S phase = DNA replication occurs G2 = Continuation of cell growth and protein synthesis Prophase = Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes haploid cells?

    <p>Contain one set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell cycle includes phases of interphase and the mitotic phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key results of meiosis in cell division?

    <p>Formation of four daughter cells and genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy input from ATP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aquaporins in osmosis?

    <p>They facilitate the diffusion of water across cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ pumps sodium ions out of the cell while bringing potassium ions in.

    <p>sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of endocytosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis = Selective uptake of specific ligands Phagocytosis = Engulfing large particles or cells Bulk-phase endocytosis = Engulfing small droplets of extracellular fluid Pinocytosis = Intake of liquid substances by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affecting diffusion is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertonic solutions cause cells to swell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Hydrolysis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystic fibrosis affects the transport of _______ ions into cells.

    <p>chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of emphysema on alveoli?

    <p>Damage to the walls of air sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Objectives

    • Locate and identify stages of mitosis in onion root tips.
    • Understand the processes involved in different types of transport mechanisms.
    • Identify and describe cell structures and organelles.

    Materials Needed

    • Beakers, stirring rod, funnel, raisins, sugar, coffee granules, copper sulfate solution, charcoal, and starch solution.

    Procedure Overview

    • Transport Mechanism Experiments: Conduct a series of setups to observe osmotic effects, diffusion rates, and filtration processes.
    • Cell Division: Examine mitosis and meiosis, focusing on their purposes and outcomes.

    Cell Division

    • Somatic Cells (Mitosis):

      • Purpose: Growth, tissue repair, maintenance.
      • Chromosomes: Diploid (2n).
      • Result: Two identical daughter cells; chromosome number remains constant.

    • Gamete Cells (Meiosis):

      • Purpose: Sexual reproduction, producing sperm and egg cells.
      • Chromosomes: Haploid (n).
      • Result: Four daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number; promotes genetic diversity.

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • Interphase: Prepares cell for division. Divided into G1 (organelle replication), S (DNA replication), and G2 (protein synthesis, growth).
    • Mitotic Phase: Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

    Mitosis Stages

    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle fibers form.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
    • Anaphase: Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin.

    Cytokinesis

    • Division of cytoplasm occurs post-mitosis. Animal cells form cleavage furrows; plant cells form a cell plate.

    Cancer

    • Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, leading to the formation of tumors.
    • Benign Tumors: Non-cancerous, do not spread.
    • Malignant Tumors: Cancerous, invades surrounding tissues, potential to metastasize.

    Types of Cancer

    • Carcinomas (epithelial cells), melanomas (skin), sarcomas (bones), leukemia (bone marrow), lymphoma (lymphatic tissues).

    Cell Transport Mechanisms

    • Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls substance movement and maintains cellular homeostasis.

    Transport Types

    • Passive Transport: Movement of substances down concentration gradients without energy (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
    • Active Transport: Requires energy to move substances against gradients (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

    Factors Influencing Diffusion Rate

    • Steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of substances, surface area, and characteristics of the diffusing substance.

    Active Transport Details

    • Primary Active Transport: ATP hydrolysis changes carrier protein shape, moving substances against gradients.
    • Secondary Active Transport: Utilizes energy from ionic concentration gradients.

    Endocytosis and Exocytosis

    • Endocytosis: Material intake via vesicles (includes receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis).
    • Exocytosis: Material export through vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.

    Cellular Pathophysiology

    • Tonicity impacts red blood cells; hypertonic or hypotonic solutions can cause cell destruction.
    • Sodium-potassium pump: Critical for heart function; drugs like digitalis influence this mechanism.
    • Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic disorder affecting chloride ion transport.
    • Emphysema: Lung disease which reduces diffusion efficacy due to alveolar damage.

    Virus Entry Mechanisms

    • Some viruses, such as HIV, utilize receptor-mediated endocytosis to infect host cells.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cell division and transport processes in this quiz. You'll identify the stages of mitosis in onion root tips and understand the mechanisms of diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Test your knowledge on both somatic and gamete cells, along with their functions in growth and reproduction.

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