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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic change associated with reversible cell injury?
What is a characteristic change associated with reversible cell injury?
Which statement best describes the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Which statement best describes the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT a form of cell injury mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a form of cell injury mentioned?
What determines the severity of cell injury?
What determines the severity of cell injury?
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Cellular adaptation can lead to which of the following changes?
Cellular adaptation can lead to which of the following changes?
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What characterizes reversible cell injury?
What characterizes reversible cell injury?
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Which organs are most commonly affected by reversible cell injury?
Which organs are most commonly affected by reversible cell injury?
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Which of the following causes can lead to reversible cell injury?
Which of the following causes can lead to reversible cell injury?
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What is the typical appearance of liver cells with fat accumulation in reversible cell injury?
What is the typical appearance of liver cells with fat accumulation in reversible cell injury?
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What does cellular swelling in reversible cell injury typically indicate?
What does cellular swelling in reversible cell injury typically indicate?
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Which clinical picture is associated with kidney involvement in reversible cell injury?
Which clinical picture is associated with kidney involvement in reversible cell injury?
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Which of the following factors can lead to large clear vacuoles in kidney cells?
Which of the following factors can lead to large clear vacuoles in kidney cells?
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What is a potential outcome if damaging agents persist in the case of reversible cell injury?
What is a potential outcome if damaging agents persist in the case of reversible cell injury?
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Study Notes
Cell Response to Injury
- A sequence of biochemical and morphologic events occurs when a cell is exposed to an injurious agent.
- The effects of cell injury depend on the severity and duration of the injurious agent, and the cell's vulnerability.
- Possible outcomes include adaptation, reversible injury, and irreversible injury (leading to cell death).
Causes of Cell Injury
- Hypoxia: Oxygen deficiency; often due to ischemia (impaired blood supply), inadequate oxygenation of blood, or loss of oxygen-carrying capacity (anemia).
- Physical Agents: Trauma, radiation, extreme temperatures, electric shock.
- Chemicals and Drugs: Acids, alkalies, animal and plant poisons.
- Microbiologic Agents: Viruses, worms, bacteria.
- Immunologic Reactions: Allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases.
Types of Cell Injury: Reversible
- Cloudy Swelling: Accumulation of water within cells, leading to swelling. This is an early, reversible form of injury.
- Hydropic Swelling: A more severe form of water accumulation, characterized by vacuoles within the cytoplasm.
- Fatty Change: Abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells; often affects the liver, but can also affect the heart, kidneys, and muscles.
Types of Cell Injury: Irreversible
- Necrosis: A form of cell death marked by cell lysis and inflammation.
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death that is generally not accompanied by inflammation.
Effects of Cell Injury
- The severity and duration of the injurious agent and the cell's vulnerability determine the outcome.
- Initial response may be adaptation; if the stimulus persists, the cell may suffer reversible injury; ultimately, irreversible injury and cell death result.
Cellular Adaptations
- Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells.
- Hypertrophy: Increased size of cells.
- Metaplasia: Conversion of one cell type to another.
Morphology of Injury (Clinical Pictures)
- Kidney: Proteinuria (protein in urine) often accompanies cloudy swelling.
- Liver: No significant changes are seen in early stages of cloudy swelling.
- Heart: Often enlarged and shows dilation.
Clinical Picture Summary
- Kidney (reversible injury): Possible proteinuria (protein in the urine).
- Liver (reversible injury): Typically shows no significant changes in early stages.
- Heart (reversible injury): Often shows dilation.
Quiz Questions (Examples)
- Degeneration means reversible cell injury.
- Liver cells with fat accumulation typically show a signet-ring appearance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on how cells react to injury through biochemical and morphologic changes. This quiz covers the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, physical agents, and various chemicals. Understand the differences between reversible and irreversible injury outcomes.
