Cell injury - necrosis and apoptosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the most damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA?

  • Superoxide
  • Hydroxyl (correct)
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Peroxynitrite
  • Oxygen-derived free radical

    • Which process is characterized by the tightly regulated intracellular program that requires synthesis and activation of signaling and effector proteins?

  • Lysosomal degradation
  • Necrosis
  • Inflammation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Apoptosis (correct)

    • What is one of the causes of apoptosis as an adaptive response to pathology?

  • Lysosomal degradation
  • Necrosis
  • Death of host cells that served their purpose (correct)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Inflammation

    • Which cellular process is implicated in both cancer cell death and survival?

    <p>Highly regulated macro-autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final common pathway in dystrophic calcification?

    <p>Formation of crystalline calcium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does metastatic calcification primarily occur?

    <p>Interstitial tissues of the gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by the architecture of dead cells being preserved?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of cellular adaptations to stress?

    <p>Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the definitions of reversible and irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Reversible: cell/tissue overcomes stress and resumes normal function; Irreversible: cell/tissue becomes damaged and eventually dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of insults to tissues or cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hypoxia and ischemia, infection, inflammation, toxins/chemical agents, trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cellular response to injury depend on?

    <p>Type of injury: Ischemic, ROS, Physical, Chemical, Inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of long-term extracellular damage patterns mentioned in the text?

    <p>Calcification, cellular inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences cellular injury?

    <p>Duration and severity of the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pathophysiologic consequences of reversible cell injury?

    <p>Cellular swelling, nuclear changes, accumulation of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mechanisms of necrosis?

    <p>ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, calcium accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can calcium accumulation in the cytosol lead to?

    <p>Activation of destructive enzymes, direct activation of caspases, and release from mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of membrane damage during ischemic injury?

    <p>Leaky membranes and detergent-like effects due to lipid breakdown products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of proteins includes both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members?

    <p>BCL2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major role of caspases 3 and 6 in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Activation by cytochrome C and execution of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive response to injurious stimuli such as radiation and cytotoxic anticancer drugs?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic pathology of apoptosis characterized by?

    <p>Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and formation of apoptotic bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the release of pro-apoptotic molecules into the cytoplasm in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Increased permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of activation for necroptosis?

    <p>Binding of ligand to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the synthesis of p53 and subsequent apoptosis?

    <p>DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of caspases 8, 9, and 10 in apoptosis?

    <p>Activation of executioner caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the initiation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Activation of plasma membrane death receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphological resemblance of necroptosis to necrosis?

    <p>Cell/organelle swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Fas receptor and Fas ligand interaction?

    <p>FasL binds to Fas, forming a binding site called Fas-associated death domain (FADD), which activates Caspases 8 and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of activation for necroptosis?

    <p>Binding of ligand to a receptor, leading to RIP-kinase activation and MLKL phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor triggers apoptosis via the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway?

    <p>Lack of growth factor signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in apoptotic pathways?

    <p>Bcl-2 and Bcl-x can prevent apoptosis in the presence of growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between necroptosis and necrosis?

    <p>Necroptosis is triggered by genetically programmed signal transduction, while necrosis is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Apoptosis: Key Concepts and Pathological Mechanisms

    • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes before or after maturation.
    • Cell death can be induced by cytotoxic T cells as a defense mechanism against viruses and tumors, and it is also responsible for the rejection of transplanted cells.
    • Apoptosis is an adaptive response to various injurious stimuli such as radiation and cytotoxic anticancer drugs, which can lead to cell death if repair mechanisms fail to cope with the damage.
    • Pathological apoptosis can occur during the accumulation of misfolded proteins, ER stress, and unfolded proteins, as well as in cases of atrophy/involution of secretory tissues in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction.
    • The microscopic pathology of apoptosis involves cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, the formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies, and the subsequent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
    • Apoptosis involves two major stages – initiation and execution – and two major types – the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway and the extrinsic (death-receptor) pathway.
    • The intrinsic pathway results from cellular damage or lack of growth factors, leading to increased permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane and the release of pro-apoptotic molecules into the cytoplasm.
    • The release of pro-apoptotic proteins is controlled by the BCL2 family of proteins, which includes anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1) and pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bak, Bim, Bad, Bid, Puma, Noxa) members.
    • ER stress, lack of growth signals, and DNA damage can increase pro-apoptotic proteins, while the lack of BH4 molecules and BH3-only molecules can activate the mitochondrial leak channel, leading to cytochrome C leakage and activation of caspases.
    • The balance between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family determines whether a cell will pursue apoptosis.
    • Key executioner caspases in the intrinsic pathway include caspases 3 and 6, which are activated by cytochrome C and play a crucial role in the execution of apoptosis.
    • Apoptosis is a highly regulated process involving complex molecular mechanisms and can occur in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli.

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    BMS 100 Pathology Concepts 1 - Types of Cell Injury PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of apoptosis with this quiz covering key concepts and pathological mechanisms. Explore the stages, pathways, and molecular regulation of this programmed cell death process, as well as its role in response to injurious stimuli and pathological conditions.

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