38 Questions
What is the significance of cell death in the development of an organism?
It plays a role in embryonic development and maintaining homeostasis
What is the word 'apoptosis' derived from?
Ancient Greek word for 'leaf fall from a tree in autumn' or 'falling of petals from a flower'
Who first introduced the term 'apoptosis'?
Kerr
What is the term for cell death that is driven by tightly regulated intracellular signal transduction pathways?
Programmed Cell Death (PCD)
What is the result of accidental cell death?
Non-Programmed Cell Death (NPD)
What is the characteristic of apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage
What is the term for cell death that occurs due to unexpected cell injury?
Necrosis
What is the significance of apoptosis during embryogenesis and fetal development?
It helps in digit formation
What is the result of caspase-9 activation?
Cell death
What is the name of the receptor that binds to FasL?
FasR
What is the main mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins?
Regulation of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria
What is the outcome of the activation of effector caspases?
Apoptosis
Which of the following is an anti-apoptotic protein?
Bcl-2
Which of the following is a characteristic of caspases?
They are synthesized as inactive proenzymes
What is the role of caspases in protein cleavage?
Activating proteases
What is the role of caspase-3 in the apoptotic cascade?
Central role in the cascade of apoptotic events
What is the result of cytochrome c binding to Apaf-1?
Activation of caspase-9
What is the outcome of the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space?
Apoptosis
What is the function of FADD?
To recruit caspase-8
What is a characteristic of apoptotic cells?
Activation of endonucleases
Which of the following is a type of caspase?
All of the above
What is the stimulus that can initiate the intrinsic pathway?
Absence of certain growth factors, hormones, and cytokines
What is a characteristic of DNA breakdown in apoptotic cells?
Breakdown into 50-300 kb pieces
What is the role of Ca2+ and Mg2+ dependent endonucleases in apoptotic cells?
To facilitate DNA breakdown into 180-200 bp fragments
What is the significance of phosphatidylserine expression in apoptotic cells?
It allows for early recognition of apoptotic cells by macrophages
What is a morphological feature of apoptotic cells?
Cells shrink and round up
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is programmed, while necrosis is passive
What is an example of a chemical that can cause necrosis?
Strong acids
What is a common consequence of necrosis?
Inflammation in the surrounding tissue
What is a cause of non-programmed necrosis?
Ischemia
What is the source of enzymes that digest the necrotic cell?
Both A and B
What is a characteristic of necrotic cells under a microscope?
Swelling and vacuolation of cells
What is apoptosis?
A type of physiological cell death
What is necrosis?
A type of pathological cell death
What happens to the nucleus in a necrotic cell?
It condenses
What is a difference between necrotic and apoptotic cells?
Necrotic cells swell, apoptotic cells shrink
What is a characteristic of apoptotic cells?
Volume reduction
What is a difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is pathological, apoptosis is physiological
This quiz covers the fundamental processes of cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis, their role in embryonic development, and maintaining homeostasis.
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