Cell Biology: VEGF and Wound Healing Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the overexpressed VEGF in dermal fibroblast cells?

  • Decreases cellular metabolic activity
  • Inhibits cell transfection efficiency
  • Reduces total protein concentration
  • Accelerates angiogenesis and wound healing (correct)

    • Which technique is used to confirm the presence of the VEGF fragment following transfection?

  • SDS-PAGE
  • FTIR
  • BCA assay
  • PCR (correct)

    • What does the presence of EGFP indicate in successfully transfected fibroblasts?

  • Low VEGF expression
  • Inhibition of angiogenesis
  • Successful gene integration (correct)
  • No change in cellular structure

    • Which method is NOT typically associated with analyzing protein concentration following gene expression?

    <p>MTT assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hygromycin in the context of the expression vector used?

    <p>As a selective antibiotic for transfected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of matrix metalloproteinases in the healing process?

    <p>To degrade the fibrin clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the remodeling phase of wound healing?

    <p>Temporary ECM is replaced with aligned collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of failure to replace the temporal ECM during wound healing?

    <p>Development of chronic wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the changes in collagen types during the remodeling phase?

    <p>Collagen type I increases while type III decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic is associated with chronic wounds?

    <p>Impaired healing despite treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of somatic-cell therapy medicines?

    <p>They consist of cells or tissues subjected to significant manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs)?

    <p>Medicines that are based on genes, tissues, or cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended use of tissue-engineered medicines?

    <p>To regenerate, repair, or replace human tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a tissue-engineered product?

    <p>It may include additional substances like biomaterials and scaffolds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualifies an ATMP under the guidelines mentioned?

    <p>Medicines with properties for treating, preventing, or diagnosing diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is NOT a type of ATMP?

    <p>Traditional chemical drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of the manipulation of cells in somatic-cell therapy?

    <p>It is extensive and leads to changes in biological characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin tissue-engineered product is used for chronic diabetic and venous ulcers?

    <p>Apligraf® full-thickness skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Full Thickness bioengineered skin?

    <p>Venous leg ulcers (VLUs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bioengineered skin type has the shortest culture time?

    <p>Epidermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are typically used in the matrix of Dermal bioengineered skin?

    <p>Polymeric scaffold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the FDA-approved tissue-engineered product mentioned?

    <p>Apligraf®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes multicellular bioprinted skin?

    <p>It maintains a trilayer structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types are primarily used in Epidermal bioengineered skin?

    <p>Neonatal fibroblasts and keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the price of the Full Thickness bioengineered skin per patient per year?

    <p>$25,370</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the Human Fibroblast-derived Dermal Substitute?

    <p>Treatment of diabetic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows for the mixing of bioinks with living cells?

    <p>3D Bioprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epidermal keratinocytes' terminal differentiation result in?

    <p>Evidence of cornification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

    <p>Kill microbes using targeted ROS release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers neutrophils to extravasate from blood vessels into the wound bed?

    <p>Signals released due to tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for transitioning from a pro-inflammatory phenotype to promoting resolution of inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the wound healing process?

    <p>Phagocytosing cell debris and signaling fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process do fibroblasts undergo to facilitate wound contraction?

    <p>Differentiate into myofibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the resolution of inflammation after neutrophil activity?

    <p>Increased macrophage activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the initial stages of wound healing, what type of macrophage activity is exhibited?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do macrophages secrete to amplify the inflammatory response?

    <p>Chemoattractants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of epidermal layers during cell death?

    <p>Cornification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary functionality of bioprinted skin in wound healing?

    <p>Supports healthy ECM remodeling and forms an epidermal barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Masson’s trichrome staining specifically highlight?

    <p>Collagen, muscles, and erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining method is used to indicate bundled collagen fibers?

    <p>Picrosirius red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic marker is associated with epidermal formation?

    <p>KRT7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor do ASC sheets secrete that is involved in angiogenesis?

    <p>VEGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ASC stand for in the context of tissue engineering?

    <p>Adipose-derived stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of using ASC sheets in treated mice?

    <p>Complete reepithelization within 20 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of staining is used to visualize nucleic acids and non-specific proteins?

    <p>Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bioactive molecule is not typically associated with ASC sheets?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do ASC sheets have on collagen content in treated wounds?

    <p>Similar proportions of collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological technique was used to identify neovascularization in ASC-treated mice?

    <p>Hoechst staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of endothelial growth factor (EGF) in skin repair?

    <p>Promotes cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which described method utilizes high voltage for fabricating thin fibers?

    <p>Electrospinning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs)

    • ATMPs are medicines for human use based on genes, tissues, or cells.
    • They provide groundbreaking treatment options for diseases and injuries.

    Skin Physiology and Characteristics

    • Skin is the largest organ, acting as the first line of defense against external agents.
    • It regulates body temperature.
    • Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
    • The dermis contains fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
    • The hypodermis is composed of adipocytes.
    • Extracellular matrix constituents, such as collagens (I and III), fibronectin, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, form the structural support.

    Wound Healing Progression

    • Haemostasis: blood vessel constriction and clot formation for reduced blood loss.
    • Inflammation: neutrophils and macrophages clear pathogens, and initiate inflammation.
    • Proliferation: fibroblasts differentiate to myofibroblasts to drive wound contraction, depositing a ECM structure abundant in fibronectin, collagen III and proteoglycans. Keratinocytes transition to mesenchymal state, initiating re-epithelialization.
    • Remodelling: Replacement of temporary ECM with aligned collagen fibers, collagen type III substitution by type I, apoptosis of myofibroblasts, fibroblasts and macrophages. Tensile strength increase, eventually producing permanent scarring if temporal ECM is not replaced.

    Chronic Wounds

    • Result from abnormal wound healing progression.
    • Often associated with underlying conditions like poor blood circulation or diabetes.
    • Display delayed re-epithelialization and impaired ECM synthesis; prolonged inflammation; and impaired angiogenesis.
    • High prevalence rates in developed countries (70-80-year-olds).

    Skin Tissue Engineering

    • Aims to improve damaged skin regeneration for impaired wound healing by creating epidermal, dermal, and combined substitutes.
    • Techniques include cell isolation and culture, scaffold preparation, and cells seeding scaffolds, or co-culture to form the desired structures.
    • Bioprinted scaffolds are used for supporting skin regeneration.

    ATMP Regulatory Classification

    • ATMPs are a regulatory category of medicines based on genes, tissues or cells.
    • This category includes gene therapy medicines (using recombinant nucleic acids) and somatic cell therapy medicines (using cells or tissues that have undergone significant manipulation).

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    Lecture 17 - Skin ATMPs

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of VEGF in dermal fibroblast cells and its implications in wound healing processes. This quiz covers key aspects of gene expression, protein analysis techniques, and the dynamics of extracellular matrix during healing. Dive into the critical functions of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen changes.

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