Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first step that occurs when a cell experiences stress and it resolves?
What is the first step that occurs when a cell experiences stress and it resolves?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of pathological atrophy?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of pathological atrophy?
What adaptation mechanism results in an increase in cell size?
What adaptation mechanism results in an increase in cell size?
What type of atrophy is specifically observed in a limb that is immobilized for a long period?
What type of atrophy is specifically observed in a limb that is immobilized for a long period?
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Which of the following does NOT lead to autophagy?
Which of the following does NOT lead to autophagy?
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What is a key feature of atrophy in the pathogenesis process?
What is a key feature of atrophy in the pathogenesis process?
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Which condition is most commonly associated with Brown Atrophy?
Which condition is most commonly associated with Brown Atrophy?
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Which option describes the condition where the cell digests its own components?
Which option describes the condition where the cell digests its own components?
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What commonly causes hypertrophy of myocytes during pregnancy?
What commonly causes hypertrophy of myocytes during pregnancy?
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What is a characteristic of hypertrophy in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
What is a characteristic of hypertrophy in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
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What is the primary cause of uterine enlargement during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of uterine enlargement during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is an example of pathological hyperplasia?
Which of the following is an example of pathological hyperplasia?
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Which type of metaplasia is commonly observed in smokers?
Which type of metaplasia is commonly observed in smokers?
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What is the process that follows metaplasia when stimulated by chronic irritation?
What is the process that follows metaplasia when stimulated by chronic irritation?
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Which organelle is associated with hypertrophy in the liver of barbiturate users?
Which organelle is associated with hypertrophy in the liver of barbiturate users?
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Which condition can result in the transformation of normal secretory columnar epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium?
Which condition can result in the transformation of normal secretory columnar epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium?
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In cases of hemorrhage or hypoxia, which type of hyperplasia is observed?
In cases of hemorrhage or hypoxia, which type of hyperplasia is observed?
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What is NOT a characteristic of myositis ossificans?
What is NOT a characteristic of myositis ossificans?
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Study Notes
1-Cell Injury: Cell Adaptation Mechanisms
- Cell injury is a response to different stresses.
- Environmental factors initiate cellular adaptations.
- Cellular adaptations include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and autophagy.
Atrophy
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Atrophy is a reduction in cell and organelle size.
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Physiological atrophy occurs during normal development.
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Pathological atrophy is a response to disease or injury.
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Decreased work capacity, decreased blood flow, loss of innervation, malnutrition etc can cause atrophy.
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Protein synthesis decreases while protein degradation increases in atrophy.
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Autophagic vacuoles and lipofuscin pigment accumulation are signs of atrophy.
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Brown atrophy is a form of atrophy characterized by lipofuscin accumulation.
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Atrophy is commonly observed in the liver and myocardium due to old age (brown atrophy).
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in cell and organ size.
- It is often accompanied by hyperplasia, but can occur alone in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
- Physiological hypertrophy is a response to normal physiologic demands. (Example: uterine enlargement during pregnancy.)
- Pathological hypertrophy is a response to disease or injury. (Example: cardiomyopathy in valvular diseases.)
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.
- It can be physiological or pathological.
- Hormonal stimulation and growth factors can cause hyperplasia, and is common during pregnancy.
- Compensatory hyperplasia is an increase in cell number to compensate for lost tissue.
Metaplasia
- Metaplasia is a reversible transformation of mature cells into other cell types.
- It is often a response to chronic irritation or injury.
- Squamous metaplasia is the most frequent type of metaplasia in respiratory system, and is common in smokers.
- Metaplasia can be a precancerous condition.
- Chronic inflammation can cause metaplasia in urinary bladder epithelium.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular adaptations such as atrophy and hypertrophy. This quiz covers key mechanisms, common causes, and specific conditions associated with these changes. Enhance your understanding of how cells respond to stress and injury.
