Cellular Adaptations Quiz
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Cellular Adaptations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of hyperplasia specifically occurs in response to hormonal stimulation during pregnancy?

  • Physiologic hormonal hyperplasia (correct)
  • Compensatory hyperplasia
  • Pathologic hyperplasia
  • Epithelial hyperplasia
  • What is a common characteristic of pathologic hyperplasia?

  • It leads to irreversible cellular damage.
  • It is always triggered by physical injury.
  • It may result from excessive hormonal stimulation. (correct)
  • It is primarily a response to acute inflammation.
  • Which of the following conditions exemplifies compensatory hyperplasia?

  • Bilharzial cystitis
  • Partial hepatectomy regeneration (correct)
  • Prostatic hyperplasia in elderly men
  • Fibrocystic disease of the breast
  • Which type of hyperplasia is associated with chronic irritation or inflammation?

    <p>Epithelial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario represents a situation where hyperplastic changes remain controlled and reversible?

    <p>Hyperplasia following organ removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the cellular response to injury?

    <p>The type of cell and tissue involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a pathologic adaptation?

    <p>Change in lung cells due to smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Persistent and severe damage resulting in cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the adaptive capability of a cell is exceeded?

    <p>Cell injury develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation?

    <p>Anaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necrosis primarily associated with?

    <p>Inflammatory response and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the extreme failure of development resulting in rudimentary tissue?

    <p>Aplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of atrophy is specifically caused by the absence of nerve supply?

    <p>Neuropathic atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that leads to cellular hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of physiologic atrophy?

    <p>Atrophy of the thymus with aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphologic feature of atrophied organs?

    <p>Increase in autophagic vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of cells typically undergo hyperplasia?

    <p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left ventricular hypertrophy is considered an example of what type of hypertrophy?

    <p>Pathologic hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly causes disuse atrophy?

    <p>Immobilization of limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypopituitarism, what is the effect on trophic hormones?

    <p>Decreased levels lead to atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Cellular adaptations are reversible changes in the number, size, activity, or appearance of cells in response to environmental changes.
    • Physiologic adaptations are normal responses to hormones or endogenous chemical mediators.
    • Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to avoid injury.

    Atrophy

    • Atrophy is the decrease in the size of an organ due to smaller individual cells (with or without a decrease in the number of cells).
    • Aplasia is when only rudimentary tissue is present, and agenesis is the complete absence of an organ.
    • Apoptotic death may also lead to loss and reduction in the number of atrophic cells.
    • Atrophic cells, even though smaller, are not dead.
    • Atrophy can be physiologic (e.g., aging, menopause) or pathologic (e.g., disuse, lack of nutrients).
    • Pathogenesis of Atrophy: cells become smaller due to decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation.

    Hypertrophy

    • Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ due to larger individual cells.
    • Hypertrophy happens in non-dividing (permanent) cells.
    • Hypertrophy can be physiologic (e.g., pregnancy, athletes) or pathologic (e.g., systemic hypertension, aortic valve disease).
    • Pathogenesis of Hypertrophy: cells become larger due to increased protein synthesis and decreased protein degradation.

    Hyperplasia

    • Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells.
    • Hyperplasia occurs in tissues composed of labile and stable cells.
    • Hyperplasia persists as long as the stimulus is present.
    • Hyperplasia can be physiologic (e.g., breast development, uterus during pregnancy) or pathologic (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia, prostatic hyperplasia).
    • Physiologic Hyperplasia Types:
      • Hormonal hyperplasia, e.g., female breast at puberty, during pregnancy, and lactation.
      • Compensatory hyperplasia, e.g., liver regeneration after surgery.
    • Pathologic Hyperplasia Types:
      • Hormonal hyperplasia, e.g., fibrocystic disease of the breast, endometrial hyperplasia, prostatic hyperplasia, and thyroid hyperplasia.
      • Epithelial hyperplasia, e.g., bilharzial cystitis.
    • Pathogenesis of Hyperplasia: cells increase in number through stem cell and parenchymal cell proliferation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular adaptations including atrophy and hypertrophy. Explore the differences between physiologic and pathologic adaptations in response to environmental changes. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these important biological concepts.

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