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Questions and Answers
Which type of hyperplasia specifically occurs in response to hormonal stimulation during pregnancy?
What is a common characteristic of pathologic hyperplasia?
Which of the following conditions exemplifies compensatory hyperplasia?
Which type of hyperplasia is associated with chronic irritation or inflammation?
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Which scenario represents a situation where hyperplastic changes remain controlled and reversible?
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What is the primary factor that determines the cellular response to injury?
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Which of the following is an example of a pathologic adaptation?
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What characterizes irreversible cell injury?
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Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
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What happens if the adaptive capability of a cell is exceeded?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation?
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What is necrosis primarily associated with?
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Which term describes the extreme failure of development resulting in rudimentary tissue?
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Which type of atrophy is specifically caused by the absence of nerve supply?
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What is the primary mechanism that leads to cellular hypertrophy?
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Which condition is an example of physiologic atrophy?
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What is the characteristic morphologic feature of atrophied organs?
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Which of the following types of cells typically undergo hyperplasia?
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Left ventricular hypertrophy is considered an example of what type of hypertrophy?
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What commonly causes disuse atrophy?
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In hypopituitarism, what is the effect on trophic hormones?
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Study Notes
Cellular Adaptations
- Cellular adaptations are reversible changes in the number, size, activity, or appearance of cells in response to environmental changes.
- Physiologic adaptations are normal responses to hormones or endogenous chemical mediators.
- Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to avoid injury.
Atrophy
- Atrophy is the decrease in the size of an organ due to smaller individual cells (with or without a decrease in the number of cells).
- Aplasia is when only rudimentary tissue is present, and agenesis is the complete absence of an organ.
- Apoptotic death may also lead to loss and reduction in the number of atrophic cells.
- Atrophic cells, even though smaller, are not dead.
- Atrophy can be physiologic (e.g., aging, menopause) or pathologic (e.g., disuse, lack of nutrients).
- Pathogenesis of Atrophy: cells become smaller due to decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation.
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ due to larger individual cells.
- Hypertrophy happens in non-dividing (permanent) cells.
- Hypertrophy can be physiologic (e.g., pregnancy, athletes) or pathologic (e.g., systemic hypertension, aortic valve disease).
- Pathogenesis of Hypertrophy: cells become larger due to increased protein synthesis and decreased protein degradation.
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells.
- Hyperplasia occurs in tissues composed of labile and stable cells.
- Hyperplasia persists as long as the stimulus is present.
- Hyperplasia can be physiologic (e.g., breast development, uterus during pregnancy) or pathologic (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia, prostatic hyperplasia).
- Physiologic Hyperplasia Types:
- Hormonal hyperplasia, e.g., female breast at puberty, during pregnancy, and lactation.
- Compensatory hyperplasia, e.g., liver regeneration after surgery.
- Pathologic Hyperplasia Types:
- Hormonal hyperplasia, e.g., fibrocystic disease of the breast, endometrial hyperplasia, prostatic hyperplasia, and thyroid hyperplasia.
- Epithelial hyperplasia, e.g., bilharzial cystitis.
- Pathogenesis of Hyperplasia: cells increase in number through stem cell and parenchymal cell proliferation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular adaptations including atrophy and hypertrophy. Explore the differences between physiologic and pathologic adaptations in response to environmental changes. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these important biological concepts.
