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Questions and Answers
Which test is preferred for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction?
What symptom is commonly associated with inflammation?
What is the normal range of WBC count in a complete blood count?
Which inflammatory marker is elevated in tissue necrosis?
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of inflammation?
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Which enzyme level is elevated due to pancreatic damage?
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Which key is situated between the 'A' key and the 'D' key on the keyboard?
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Which key is used to exit the current screen or function on a laptop?
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Which inflammatory marker is associated with tissue necrosis?
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What is the role of the CK-MB test in diagnosing myocardial infarction?
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Study Notes
Cellular Adaptations
- Atrophy: cell shrinkage resulting from decreased functional demands or chronic ischemia
- Causes: disuse, ischemia, infarction, nutrient starvation, denervation, and interruption of endocrine glands
- Hypertrophy: increase in cell mass accompanied by augmented functional capacity
- Often accompanied by hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers)
- Results from net increase in cellular protein content due to increased functional demands
- Important for cells that cannot undergo mitosis (e.g., muscle cells)
Hyperplasia
- Increase in cell numbers
- Usually occurs in cells that can undergo mitosis
- Results from increased physical demands and hormonal stimulations
Metaplasia
- Replacement of one normal differentiated cell type with another normal differentiated cell type
- Cause/results from adaptation to persistent injury
- Can progress to cancer (e.g., in cigarette smokers)
- Fully reversible when stimulation is removed
Dysplasia
- Disorganized appearance of cells due to abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangements
- Adaptive effort gone astray
- Significant potential to transform to cancer cells (pre-neoplastic lesions)
- Severe dysplasia are called carcinoma in situ
Necrosis
- Infarction (cell death)
- Results from ischemia or toxic injuries
- Tissue unable to perform normal cellular function, inflammatory in nature
- Types of necrosis: 4 (not specified)
Inflammation
- Symptoms: general malaise, fever, increased HR, increased WBCs, and loss of appetite
- Markers: elevated ESR, CRP when there is tissue necrosis
- Other markers: elevated amylase level (pancreatic damage), elevated creatine kinase (MB isoenzyme), and cardiac troponin (myocardial infarction)
Diagnostic Tests
- Troponin T & I (preferred test for myocardial infarction)
- CK-MB (elevated when MI), levels fall after 24 hours
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Description
Learn about the causes of atrophy, a type of cell shrinkage, and hypertrophy, an increase in cell mass, including factors like disuse, ischemia, and nutrient starvation.
