Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which test is preferred for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction?
Which test is preferred for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction?
What symptom is commonly associated with inflammation?
What symptom is commonly associated with inflammation?
What is the normal range of WBC count in a complete blood count?
What is the normal range of WBC count in a complete blood count?
Which inflammatory marker is elevated in tissue necrosis?
Which inflammatory marker is elevated in tissue necrosis?
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of inflammation?
Which of these is NOT a symptom of inflammation?
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Which enzyme level is elevated due to pancreatic damage?
Which enzyme level is elevated due to pancreatic damage?
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Which key is situated between the 'A' key and the 'D' key on the keyboard?
Which key is situated between the 'A' key and the 'D' key on the keyboard?
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Which key is used to exit the current screen or function on a laptop?
Which key is used to exit the current screen or function on a laptop?
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Which inflammatory marker is associated with tissue necrosis?
Which inflammatory marker is associated with tissue necrosis?
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What is the role of the CK-MB test in diagnosing myocardial infarction?
What is the role of the CK-MB test in diagnosing myocardial infarction?
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Study Notes
Cellular Adaptations
- Atrophy: cell shrinkage resulting from decreased functional demands or chronic ischemia
- Causes: disuse, ischemia, infarction, nutrient starvation, denervation, and interruption of endocrine glands
- Hypertrophy: increase in cell mass accompanied by augmented functional capacity
- Often accompanied by hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers)
- Results from net increase in cellular protein content due to increased functional demands
- Important for cells that cannot undergo mitosis (e.g., muscle cells)
Hyperplasia
- Increase in cell numbers
- Usually occurs in cells that can undergo mitosis
- Results from increased physical demands and hormonal stimulations
Metaplasia
- Replacement of one normal differentiated cell type with another normal differentiated cell type
- Cause/results from adaptation to persistent injury
- Can progress to cancer (e.g., in cigarette smokers)
- Fully reversible when stimulation is removed
Dysplasia
- Disorganized appearance of cells due to abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangements
- Adaptive effort gone astray
- Significant potential to transform to cancer cells (pre-neoplastic lesions)
- Severe dysplasia are called carcinoma in situ
Necrosis
- Infarction (cell death)
- Results from ischemia or toxic injuries
- Tissue unable to perform normal cellular function, inflammatory in nature
- Types of necrosis: 4 (not specified)
Inflammation
- Symptoms: general malaise, fever, increased HR, increased WBCs, and loss of appetite
- Markers: elevated ESR, CRP when there is tissue necrosis
- Other markers: elevated amylase level (pancreatic damage), elevated creatine kinase (MB isoenzyme), and cardiac troponin (myocardial infarction)
Diagnostic Tests
- Troponin T & I (preferred test for myocardial infarction)
- CK-MB (elevated when MI), levels fall after 24 hours
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Description
Learn about the causes of atrophy, a type of cell shrinkage, and hypertrophy, an increase in cell mass, including factors like disuse, ischemia, and nutrient starvation.
