Cardiovascular System Review and Heart Muscle
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors directly influences arterial blood pressure?

  • Heart rate
  • Blood volume
  • Peripheral resistance
  • All of the above (correct)

If the arteries become less compliant, the pulse pressure will decrease.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the 'respiratory pump' in relation to venous blood flow?

The respiratory pump assists in venous blood return to the heart by changes in pressure in the thoracic cavity during breathing.

The ______ are specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in blood pressure.

<p>baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their primary role in blood pressure regulation:

<p>Kidneys = Regulate blood volume and electrolyte balance Heart = Regulates heart rate and contractility Brain = Integrates sensory information and controls blood pressure through the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first heart sound, known as the 'lubb' sound, is caused by the closure of the ______ valves.

<p>atrioventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is primarily determined by the amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence end-systolic volume (ESV)?

<p>Heart rate (A), Contractility of the heart muscle (B), Afterload, or the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood (C), Preload, or the amount of blood stretching the ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of elastic conducting arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>To maintain blood pressure between heartbeats and ensure continuous blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their corresponding functions:

<p>Arterioles = Regulate peripheral resistance Precapillary sphincters = Control blood flow into capillaries Veins = Return blood to the heart Capillaries = Exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smooth muscle contraction differ from skeletal muscle contraction?

<p>Smooth muscle contraction is slower and more sustained, and it is typically initiated by chemical signals rather than nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of epinephrine in smooth muscle contraction?

<p>Epinephrine's effect on smooth muscle varies depending on the type of smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood pressure in veins is typically higher than the blood pressure in arteries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does NOT play a role in the blood flow through the heart?

<p>Bronchial tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses in the heart.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary circulatory systems in the body?

<p>Systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

<p>aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their functions:

<p>SA node = Initiates heartbeat AV node = Relays signals to ventricles Bundle of His = Conducts impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Distributes impulses throughout ventricles Right and Left bundle branches = Pathways for impulse conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to aortic pressure during ventricular filling?

<p>Decreases slightly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During isovolumetric contraction, the volume of blood in the ventricles changes significantly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute refractory period of the heart and why is it necessary?

<p>The absolute refractory period is the time during which the heart cannot be stimulated to contract again; it is necessary to prevent frequent and uncontrolled contractions, allowing the heart to fill properly between beats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arterial Blood Pressure Factors

Factors include cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume.

Pulse Pressure Indicator

Pulse pressure indicates the force the heart generates with each contraction.

Increased Capillary Pressure Effects

Increased capillary pressure can lead to edema by causing fluid leakage into tissues.

Compliance of Arteries

If arteries become less compliant, blood pressure rises due to reduced ability to expand.

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Role of Baroreceptors

Baroreceptors sense blood pressure changes and help regulate it through reflexes.

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Preload

The initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers prior to contraction; affected by venous return.

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Afterload

The load that the heart must overcome to eject blood; influenced by arterial pressure and vascular resistance.

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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of filling, before contraction.

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End Systolic Volume (ESV)

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction.

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Isovolumetric Relaxation

The phase where the ventricles relax, but the volume remains constant until the valves open.

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Starling's Law of the Heart

States that the force of contraction is directly related to the initial length of cardiac muscle fibers; increased filling leads to stronger contractions.

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Sympathetic Stimulation

Increases heart rate and contractility through the release of norepinephrine.

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Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in walls of hollow organs; responsible for movements like constriction and dilation.

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Function of the CV system

The cardiovascular system's primary role is to transport blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

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Two circulatory systems

The two circulatory systems in the body are the systemic and pulmonary circulations.

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Flow of blood through the heart

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs, returns to the left atrium, flows to the left ventricle and out through the aorta.

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Components of cardiac conduction system

Major components include the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, each managing heart rhythm.

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Absolute refractory period

The absolute refractory period is the time during which a second action potential cannot be initiated, ensuring the heart has time to refocus.

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Resting potential of cardiomyocytes

Resting potential in cardiomyocytes is primarily established by potassium channels that allow K+ ions to flow out.

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Sinoatrial node action potential

In sinoatrial node cells, action potentials are generated by calcium channels allowing Ca2+ influx.

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Cardiac cycle stages

The cardiac cycle consists of phases: atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole, representing heart's contracting and relaxing phases.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Review

  • The cardiovascular (CV) system has two circulatory systems arranged in series
  • The CV system's functional components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • The heart's anatomical features include right and left atria, right and left ventricles, aorta, pulmonary artery and vein, superior and inferior vena cava, tricuspid and mitral valves, and semilunar valves
  • Blood flows through the heart in a specific direction
  • The hierarchy of circulatory vessels includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Heart Muscle and ECG

  • Cardiomyocytes share some anatomical and functional features with skeletal muscle
  • Cardiomyocytes have unique features not found in skeletal muscle
  • Channels responsible for establishing a cardiomyocyte's resting potential include certain channels
  • Channels responsible for a cardiac myocyte's action potential include certain channels
  • Blocking calcium channels affects the cardiomyocyte potential
  • Channels responsible for a sinoatrial node cell's resting potential include certain channels
  • Channels responsible for a sinoatrial node cell's action potential include certain channels
  • A high extracellular potassium concentration can cause cardiac arrest
  • Passive tension in the heart is determined by certain factors
  • Active tension in the heart is determined by certain factors
  • The heart operates within a specific range of the volume-tension relationship
  • The cardiac conduction system has five major components with specific functions

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart

  • The cardiac cycle has distinct stages
  • During ventricular filling, ventricular pressure and volume change in a specific way
  • Changes in blood pressure affect ventricular filling rates
  • Isovolumic contraction occurs without ventricular volume change
  • Factors determine when blood is ejected from the ventricles
  • Events cause the first heart sound
  • Peak systolic pressure may differ from ventricular pressure
  • End diastolic and systolic volumes are influenced by several factors
  • Isovolumic relaxation occurs at a particular point in the cycle
  • Ventricular filling begins again at a certain point
  • Preload and afterload are factors influencing cardiac function
  • Starling's Law of the Heart describes the relationship between contractility and filling
  • Contractility increases with increased filling
  • Preload and afterload have effects on EDV and ESV
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate and function in distinct ways
  • Nervous input during class activity is often dominated by a specific input

Circulatory System and Smooth Muscle

  • The arterial system has a functional hierarchy
  • The venous system also has a functional hierarchy
  • Blood vessels have three anatomical layers
  • Elastic conducting arteries are beneficial
  • Arteriolar components regulate peripheral resistance
  • Blood flow into capillaries is controlled
  • Veins have specific functional roles

Blood Flow and Pressure

  • Blood pressure differences exist between arteries and veins
  • The absence of blood pressure differences between arteries and veins presents specific situations
  • Several factors influence arterial blood pressure
  • Arterial compliance affects blood pressure
  • Pulse pressure indicates specific factors
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) represents average arterial pressure
  • Increased capillary pressure has effects
  • The respiratory pump affects venous blood flow
  • Ohm's law equations apply to blood flow
  • Blood flow and resistance are related
  • Factors affecting blood vessel resistance include hematocrit, plaque formation, etc., affecting blood flow in various ways
  • Organs regulate blood pressure, and processes like vasoconstriction and dilation influence blood flow
  • Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors play roles in blood pressure regulation
  • Kidney function is critical for blood pressure regulation

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of the cardiovascular system, including its structure and function, as well as the unique characteristics of heart muscle cells and their electrical activity. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the heart, blood flow, and the role of cardiomyocytes in the cardiac cycle.

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