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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes the reduction of blood flow to a specific area when not needed?
What primarily causes the reduction of blood flow to a specific area when not needed?
Which component constitutes the majority of blood by volume?
Which component constitutes the majority of blood by volume?
What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?
What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?
How do veins assist in returning low-pressure blood to the heart?
How do veins assist in returning low-pressure blood to the heart?
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What are immunoglobulins primarily associated with?
What are immunoglobulins primarily associated with?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit in the mammalian circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit in the mammalian circulatory system?
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Which statement about the heart valves is accurate?
Which statement about the heart valves is accurate?
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Which structure is responsible for separating the right and left atria in the heart?
Which structure is responsible for separating the right and left atria in the heart?
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What is unique about the pulmonary arteries compared to other arteries in the circulatory system?
What is unique about the pulmonary arteries compared to other arteries in the circulatory system?
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What role does the left ventricle play in the circulatory system?
What role does the left ventricle play in the circulatory system?
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What type of valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
What type of valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
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In what way does the circulatory system assist in temperature regulation?
In what way does the circulatory system assist in temperature regulation?
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What is the primary role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
What is the primary role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
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What causes the 'DUB' heart sound during the cardiac cycle?
What causes the 'DUB' heart sound during the cardiac cycle?
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Which component of the cardiovascular system is primarily responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart?
Which component of the cardiovascular system is primarily responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart?
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Where does oxygen-rich blood enter after leaving the lungs?
Where does oxygen-rich blood enter after leaving the lungs?
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What condition might cause hypertension related to physical health?
What condition might cause hypertension related to physical health?
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Which component of the cardiac conduction system directly follows the atrioventricular (AV) node?
Which component of the cardiac conduction system directly follows the atrioventricular (AV) node?
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What is the significance of the elastic walls of arteries?
What is the significance of the elastic walls of arteries?
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in sending signals to the heart?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in sending signals to the heart?
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What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
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Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- Composed of blood, circulatory vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and the heart
- An efficient system for transporting materials in the body
- Responsible for transporting gases (from respiratory system), nutrients, and waste materials (from digestive system)
- Regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances vital for health
- Protects against blood loss from injury and disease-fighting microbes/toxins
Mammalian Circulatory System
- Contains two circuits: Pulmonary and Systemic
- Pulmonary Circuit: Low-pressure circuit carrying blood to the lungs for gas exchange
- Systemic Circuit: High-pressure circuit carrying blood to the body to supply oxygen and nutrients, and collect waste
The Structure of the Heart
- Composed of cardiac muscle, allowing for rhythmic contraction and relaxation without fatigue
- Has four chambers: two atria (top) and two ventricles (bottom)
- Atria and ventricles are separated by the septum
- Atria fill with blood returning from the body/lungs
- Ventricles receive blood from atria and pump it out to the body/lungs
The Four-Chambered Heart
- Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the body
- Blood enters the right atrium via vena cavae, then flows into the right ventricle, and out the pulmonary trunk/arteries to the lungs
- Pulmonary arteries are the only arteries carrying oxygen-poor blood
- Left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
- Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium via pulmonary veins, then flows into the left ventricle, and leaves the heart via the aorta
- Pulmonary veins are the only veins carrying oxygenated blood
Heart Valves
- Four valves ensuring one-way blood flow
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Atrioventricular Valves:
- Right side = tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
- Left side = bicuspid (mitral) valve (2 flaps)
- Semilunar Valves: Located between the ventricle and large arteries carrying blood away from the heart
The Heart's Electrical System
- Heart can beat on its own, without input from the brain
- Sinoatrial node (SA node) is the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses
- Impulses spread through the heart, coordinating the contraction of the atria and ventricles
- Atrioventricular node (AV node) relays impulses between atria and ventricles
- Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers conduct impulses to the ventricles to cause their contraction
- This coordinated electrical activity regulates heartbeat rate
ECG
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) measures electrical activity of the heart
- Different phases (P, QRS, T) represent different stages (atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, ventricular relaxation)
Heart Sounds
- Heart sounds are produced by the closing of heart valves
- Lub: sound of closing of atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) during ventricular contraction
- Dub: sound of closing of semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) during atrial contraction
Blood Pressure (BP)
- Force of blood on arterial walls
- Measured using a sphygmomanometer
- Normal pressure is typically 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)
- Systolic: during ventricular contraction
- Diastolic: during ventricular relaxation
Hypertension
- High blood pressure
- Forces the heart to work harder
- Can be caused by: age, kidney disease, diet, physical activity levels, stress, and certain medications
Blood Flow in Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, have elastic walls to expand and contract with blood flow, and smaller ones are called arterioles
- Capillaries: Microscopic, thin-walled vessels that facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues
- Veins: Carry blood towards the heart, have thinner walls than arteries, and one-way valves to prevent backflow
Blood
- Cellular component: 45% of blood volume, composed of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
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Fluid component: 55% of blood volume, composed of plasma
- Plasma is mostly water, with dissolved proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, and ions
- Plasma proteins: Crucial for various functions including osmotic balance, transporting lipids, and blood clotting
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells (RBCs/erythrocytes): Carry oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide
- White blood cells (leukocytes): Part of the immune system, fighting pathogens
- Platelets (thrombocytes): Initiate blood clotting
Blood Colour
- Oxygenated blood: bright red
- Deoxygenated blood: deep red-purple
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the cardiovascular system including its components, functions, and the structure of the heart. This quiz covers the roles of blood, the circulatory vessels, and the two main circuits - pulmonary and systemic. Test your knowledge on how these systems contribute to the overall health and efficiency of the body.
