Human Physiology 2 Past Paper Review Mod2 - CV PDF

PHYG 13383D Human Physiology 2 Week 1 Review Module 2 - Cardiovascular System Review of CV Function 1. What is the function of the CV system? 2. What are the two circulatory systems in the body that are arranged in series? 3. What are the functional components...

PHYG 13383D Human Physiology 2 Week 1 Review Module 2 - Cardiovascular System Review of CV Function 1. What is the function of the CV system? 2. What are the two circulatory systems in the body that are arranged in series? 3. What are the functional components of the CV system? 4. Identify on the heart the following anatomical features and explain what their functional role is: - right and left atrium - right and left ventricles - aorta - pulmonary artery and vein - superior and inferior vena cava - tricuspid valve, mitral valves, semilunar valves - 5. Describe the directional flow of blood through the heart. 6. What is the hierarchy of circulatory vessel structure? The Heart Muscle and ECG 1. What anatomical and functional features are shared between cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle? 2. What are unique features of cardiomyocytes that are not contained in skeletal muscle? 3. What channels are responsible for establishing the resting potential of a cardiomyocyte? 4. What channels are responsible for the action potential in a cardiac myocyte? 5. If you blocked calcium channels, what would the cardiomyocyte potential look like? 6. What channels are responsible for establishing the resting potential of a sinoatrial node cell? 7. What channels are responsible for the action potential in a sinoatrial node cell? 8. Why does high concentration of K+ outside of the cell cause cardiac arrest? 9. What determines passive tension in the heart? 10. What determines active tension in the heart? 11. In what range of the volume-tension relationship does the heart operate in? How does this differ from muscle? 12. List five major components of the cardiac conduction system? What are each of their functions? 13. What is the absolute refractory period of the heart? Why is it necessary? 14. Draw and label the waveforms on a normal ECG trace? 15. What electrical events cause each of these waveforms? 16. What does the ECG do? How does it do it? 17. Why do ECGs vary? Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart 1. What are the stages of the cardiac cycle? 2. During ventricular filling, what happens to pressure inside the ventricle? What happens to ventricular volume? 3. What would happen to the rate of ventricular filling if blood pressure dropped? 4. What would happen to ventricular filling if blood pressure increased? 5. What happens to aortic pressure during ventricular filling? 6. During isovolumetric contraction, why does ventricular volume not change? 7. What determines the point at which blood is ejected from the ventricles? 8. What causes the first heart sound? 9. Is peak systolic pressure in the aorta different from that in the ventricle? Why? 10. What factors determine end diastolic volume? 11. What factors influence end systolic volume? 12. What causes isovolumetric relaxation? 13. At what point does ventricular filling start again? 14. What is preload? What factors affect it? 15. What is afterload? What factors affect it? 16. What does Starlings Law of the Heart state? Why does contractility increase with increased filling? 17. Why does the body adjust to ventricular filling in that way? 18. What effect will preload have on EDV? Will this ultimately effect ESV? 19. What effect will a very rapid heart rate have on EDV? 20. What effect does sympathetic stimulation of the heart have? Why? 21. What effect does parasympathetic stimulation of the heart have? Why? 22. What nervous input dominates the heart behavior when sitting in class? Circulatory System and Smooth Muscle 1. What is the functional hierarchy of the arterial system? 2. What is the functional hierarchy of the venous system? 3. Identify the three anatomical layers of blood vessels and their components. 4. What is the benefit of having elastic conducting arteries? 5. What arteriolar components regulate peripheral resistance? 6. How is flow of blood into the capillaries controlled? 7. What functional roles do veins play? 8. How do veins regulate blood flow? What happens when this regulation is dysfunctional? 9. What is smooth muscle and where is it found? 10. What is the difference between single and multi-unit smooth muscle? Why does this difference exist? 11. List 5 differences in smooth muscle anatomy when compared to skeletal muscle anatomy. 12. Illustrate the organization of the contractile components of smooth muscle. 13. Why does smooth muscle not contract longitudinally like skeletal muscle does? 14. Why does smooth muscle not need a troponin protein complex? 15. How is smooth muscle contraction initiated? 16. Illustrate the pathway of messenger activation that occurs in the contraction of smooth muscle. 17. What ion permeability dominates the smooth muscle action potential? 18. What other ions are responsible for setting the resting membrane potential of smooth muscle? 19. Why are local epinephrine injections used to stop bleeding? What is the mechanism of this action? Blood Flow and Pressure 1. What is the blood pressure difference between the arteries and veins? 2. What would happen if there was no blood pressure difference between the arteries and veins? Could this occur? 3. What factors affect arterial blood pressure? 4. What would happen to arterial blood pressure if arteries became less compliant? 5. What is pulse pressure an indicator of? 6. What does MAP represent? 7. What happens if capillary pressure is increased? 8. How does the “respiratory pump” affect venous blood flow? 9. What are three different forms for the Ohm’s Law equation for blood flow? 10. What would happen to blood flow if resistance to flow doubled? What would have to happen to pressure to maintain flow if resistance were doubled? 11. What factor has the greatest impact on changes in blood vessel resistance? 12. How does increased hematocrit influence blood flow? Why? 13. How do fatty plaques affect resistance to blood flow? 14. What organs regulate blood pressure? 15. Why do arteries contract with increased stretch? 16. Why do blood vessels in working muscles dilate? 17. How do baroreceptors work? 18. If we have baroreceptors, why do we get hypertension? 19. How do chemoreceptors work? 20. What would happen to heart rate and blood pressure if ventilation was slowed? 21. Why are the kidneys so important in blood pressure regulation? What is the most prescribed medication for hypertension?