Cardiovascular System: Problems and Pathophysiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the immediate consequence if ischemic cells are in the path of the main electrical system conduit?

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Cardiac arrest (correct)
  • Cardiac tamponade

    • What is a common sign of ischemia as described in the text?

  • Increased urine output
  • Hypertension
  • Warm, dry skin
  • Dizziness (correct)

    • Which intervention is essential in managing heart failure according to the text?

  • Oxygen therapy (correct)
  • Fluid overload
  • Pain management
  • Antibiotic administration

    • What is the main cause of left-sided heart failure according to the text?

    <p>Cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to volume overloads and poor tissue perfusion that may result in death as described in the text?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is finding the etiology important in treating heart failure according to the text?

    <p>To guide treatment regimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is recommended in the management of heart failure to assess cardiac function?

    <p>Doppler echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the heart valves?

    <p>To regulate blood flow through the heart chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart tone is associated with the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves?

    <p>S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the S2 heart tone indicate?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart tone is associated with fluid buildup in the heart, indicating heart failure or congestive heart failure?

    <p>S3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the heart's electrical system?

    <p>To control the contraction of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the heart's pump function?

    <p>To pump blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of cardiac arrhythmias?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cardiac arrhythmias lead to pump failure?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity of SA and AV nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

    <p>Arrhythmias can change the sensitivity of cardiac cells, leading to alterations in conduction rate and location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias in the text?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

    <p>The effects of arrhythmias depend on their location in the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is NOT correct?

    <p>Arrhythmias always lead to an increase in the conduction rate of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the causes of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

    <p>Drug use can potentially lead to the development of arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key countermeasure for heart failure that regulates contraction and acts as a smooth muscle relaxant?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the Adrenal Cortex in response to heart failure, causing retention and uptake of NA+ leading to volume overload?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological effect of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANP) in heart failure?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pathophysiology of left-sided heart failure, what is a common effect of too much volume in the Left Ventricle?

    <p>EKG changes and axis deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological impact does fluid backup into the lungs have in left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Diffusion issues (C02/O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones may lead to LV hypertrophy in left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key countermeasures for right-sided heart failure due to fluid backup into the venous return?

    <p>NTG use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Excess renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of left-sided heart failure described in the text?

    <p>Fluid backup into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Outpatient treatment with education, diet, and medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a sign or symptom of right-sided heart failure in the text?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key physiological effect of hypertension?

    <p>Increase in cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first-line treatment for heart failure according to the text?

    <p>Oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of right-sided heart failure described in the text?

    <p>Increase in central venous pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the flow of blood perfusing the heart becoming impaired, leading to ischemia and coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    <p>Myocardial infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of an MI without ST changes, but diagnosed with laboratory findings such as elevated troponin levels?

    <p>NONSTEMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is troponin, a cardiac marker, measured to diagnose an MI?

    <p>Three blood draws, 6-8 hours apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a complication associated with hypertension (HTN) in the text?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a symptomatic sign or symptom of hypertension (HTN) in the text?

    <p>Chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with hypertension (HTN)?

    <p>Left axis deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a possible complication of hypertension (HTN) in the text?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of ischemia in the pathophysiology of an MI?

    <p>Immediate necrosis of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid type is considered 'bad' and contributes to myocardial infarction?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition relies on collateral circulation in the pathophysiology of an MI?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of triglycerides in contributing to myocardial infarction?

    <p>Provides energy for the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor results in decreasing the heart muscle's ability to expand and contract post-MI?

    <p>Lost electrical kick in the damage area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contributor to myocardial infarction stores unused calories and provides energy for the body?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does necrosis have on the surrounding heart muscle post-MI?

    <p>'Bad' lipids are stored in fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of myocardial infarction (MI) as described in the text?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    <p>Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological consequence of the atherosclerotic process as depicted in Figure 04.F24?

    <p>Occlusion of the coronary arteries, preventing perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

    <p>Ischemic cells in the path of the main electrical system conduit can lead to arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tests is recommended in the management of myocardial infarction (MI) according to the text?

    <p>Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) is correct?

    <p>Women may present with atypical symptoms, such as abdominal pain or a general feeling of unwellness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of heart failure is correct based on the information provided?

    <p>Volume overload in the left ventricle can lead to pulmonary hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the treatment of heart failure is correct?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to regulate contraction and act as smooth muscle relaxants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is correct based on the information provided?

    <p>Atherosclerosis develops over many years due to the narrowing of coronary arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by an increase in the thickness of the heart muscle?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of right-sided heart failure described in the text?

    <p>Venous congestion and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first-line treatment for heart failure according to the text?

    <p>Diuretics and ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias in the text?

    <p>Valvular heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological consequence of the atherosclerotic process as depicted in Figure 04.F24?

    <p>Decreased blood flow to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological effect of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANP) in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a complication associated with hypertension (HTN) in the text?

    <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key physiological effect of hypertension?

    <p>Increased afterload on the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of triglycerides in contributing to myocardial infarction?

    <p>Triglycerides increase the risk of blood clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate consequence if ischemic cells are in the path of the main electrical system conduit?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism underlying the development of pericarditis according to the text?

    <p>Infection triggers an autoimmune response, leading to inflammation and edema in the pericardial layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of cardiogenic shock described in the text?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output and stroke volume due to the heart's inability to adequately supply blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is identified as a key factor in the pathophysiology of myocarditis according to the text?

    <p>Inflammation causing hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of the inflammatory process in pericarditis described in the text?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output and stroke volume due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to heart failure?

    <p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, weakening the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of the inflammatory process in pericarditis that can lead to decreased cardiac output?

    <p>Fluid shifts into the pericardial space, decreasing venous return and stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to changes in the heart's electrical conduction system?

    <p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, disrupting electrical pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism by which pericarditis can lead to decreased cardiac output and stroke volume?

    <p>The inflammation leads to fluid shifts into the pericardial space, decreasing venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to heart dilation and decreased cardiac function?

    <p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, weakening the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism by which pericarditis can affect the heart's electrical system?

    <p>The inflammation leads to fluid buildup in the pericardial space, compressing the heart and affecting electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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