Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the likely outcome for puppies and kittens with a low grade (I-II/VI) systolic murmur at around 4-5 months of age?
What is the likely outcome for puppies and kittens with a low grade (I-II/VI) systolic murmur at around 4-5 months of age?
What is a possible serious condition that can be indicated by a low intensity murmur in pets?
What is a possible serious condition that can be indicated by a low intensity murmur in pets?
At what age is it most likely that one in two cats will have heart disease if no murmur is present?
At what age is it most likely that one in two cats will have heart disease if no murmur is present?
What is the incidence of heart disease in cats aged 1-3 years with a murmur?
What is the incidence of heart disease in cats aged 1-3 years with a murmur?
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What might exacerbate a murmur in puppies and kittens?
What might exacerbate a murmur in puppies and kittens?
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Which grade of murmur is described as very loud with palpable thrill and still audible when the stethoscope is removed from the chest?
Which grade of murmur is described as very loud with palpable thrill and still audible when the stethoscope is removed from the chest?
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What anatomical structure is associated with the 'fish mouth' appearance during echocardiography?
What anatomical structure is associated with the 'fish mouth' appearance during echocardiography?
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Which common congenital cardiac condition is associated with a continuous 'washing machine' murmur?
Which common congenital cardiac condition is associated with a continuous 'washing machine' murmur?
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What does a Grade II murmur signify in terms of intensity?
What does a Grade II murmur signify in terms of intensity?
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Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe turbulent blood flow related to cardiac murmurs?
Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe turbulent blood flow related to cardiac murmurs?
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Which heart sound is characterized as 'Lub-Dup-ud' during early diastole?
Which heart sound is characterized as 'Lub-Dup-ud' during early diastole?
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What change occurs in the auscultation of a heart murmur that is associated with aortic stenosis?
What change occurs in the auscultation of a heart murmur that is associated with aortic stenosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a common congenital cardiac condition?
Which of the following is NOT a common congenital cardiac condition?
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Why are S3 and S4 heart sounds considered abnormal in small animals?
Why are S3 and S4 heart sounds considered abnormal in small animals?
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What is the primary role of chordae tendineae in cardiac function?
What is the primary role of chordae tendineae in cardiac function?
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In the context of cardiac murmurs, which term describes the frequency of the sound?
In the context of cardiac murmurs, which term describes the frequency of the sound?
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Which echocardiographic view requires the transducer to be rotated 90° clockwise from the long axis view?
Which echocardiographic view requires the transducer to be rotated 90° clockwise from the long axis view?
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For which congenital defect is the impact on blood flow patterns most significant?
For which congenital defect is the impact on blood flow patterns most significant?
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Which of the following features contributes to the grading of cardiac murmurs?
Which of the following features contributes to the grading of cardiac murmurs?
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Which structure is responsible for sending impulses throughout the atria in the heart's conduction system?
Which structure is responsible for sending impulses throughout the atria in the heart's conduction system?
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Which congenital heart defect is associated with a persistent left-to-right shunt postnatally?
Which congenital heart defect is associated with a persistent left-to-right shunt postnatally?
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What is the primary function of the right heart in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the right heart in the cardiovascular system?
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Which imaging modality is primarily used to visualize structures within the heart?
Which imaging modality is primarily used to visualize structures within the heart?
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Which of the following describes the role of the ductus arteriosus in foetal circulation?
Which of the following describes the role of the ductus arteriosus in foetal circulation?
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What is the consequence if the foramen ovale fails to close after birth?
What is the consequence if the foramen ovale fails to close after birth?
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Which congenital defect is characterized by narrowing of the outflow tract of the right ventricle?
Which congenital defect is characterized by narrowing of the outflow tract of the right ventricle?
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Which structure is part of the left heart and is responsible for maintaining high pressure in the circulation?
Which structure is part of the left heart and is responsible for maintaining high pressure in the circulation?
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What is the typical outcome for the ductus venosus after birth?
What is the typical outcome for the ductus venosus after birth?
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What is a significant characteristic of congenital heart defects?
What is a significant characteristic of congenital heart defects?
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Study Notes
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System I: Congenital Diseases
- This presentation covers congenital cardiovascular diseases.
- Learning objectives include reviewing cardiac anatomy, fetal circulation, and cardiac imaging modalities.
- Understanding cardiac murmur grading and recognizing common murmur types.
- Reviewing both common and uncommon congenital defects and their influence on blood flow patterns.
- Understanding pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for common congenital cardiac conditions.
Learning Objectives
- Review cardiac anatomy, fetal circulation, and cardiac imaging modalities.
- Understand cardiac murmur grading and recognize common murmur types.
- Review both common and uncommon congenital defects and how they influence blood flow patterns.
- Understand and describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment/management, and prognosis for common congenital cardiac conditions (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonic stenosis, subvalvular aortic stenosis, atrial and ventricular septal defects).
Anatomy Review
- Images and descriptions of heart anatomy are presented. Labels for various parts of the heart are shown.
Review: Conduction System
- The electrical conduction system of the heart is explained, beginning with the SA node (pacemaker).
- Pathway of electrical signals through the heart is detailed.
- Images illustrate the conduction pathways.
Review: The Heart as a Pump
- The heart is described as two pumps working in series.
- The left side pumps oxygenated blood, and the right side pumps deoxygenated blood.
- Pressures within the heart are noted (e.g., 120/80, 25/10).
- A graph shows the pressure changes throughout the cardiac cycle.
Refresher: Fetal Circulation
- Structures present in utero that are normal include the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and umbilical arteries and veins.
- After birth, these structures should close.
- Congenital heart defects can result from persistent fetal structures or dysplasia.
Refresher: Basic Echocardiography
- Echocardiography views are described (e.g., right parasternal long axis, right parasternal short axis, subcostal, left apical 4 and 5 chamber).
Right Parasternal Long Axis View
- The long-axis view and 4-chamber views are described and illustrated.
Right Parasternal Short Axis View
- The transducer is rotated to a perpendicular view, and the various structures are viewed in short axis.
Left Apical "5" Chamber View
- Detailed look at the left side of the heart, and its various chambers.
Cardiac Murmurs
- Murmurs are caused by turbulent blood flow.
- Murmur characteristics include pitch, intensity, duration, and quality.
- Harsh murmurs (ejection murmurs) are linked to valve stenosis (narrowing).
- Soft murmurs (blowing murmurs) suggest valve regurgitation (leakage).
- Continuous murmurs are continuous sounds caused by things like patent ductus arteriosus.
Cardiac Murmurs: "Innocent" Murmurs
- Murmur intensity doesn't always correlate with disease severity.
- Murmurs in young animals (puppies and kittens), can be benign.
- Low-grade murmurs are common and may relate to physiological changes.
- Characteristics of "innocent" murmurs are noted (usually dynamic, lower grade, disappear eventually).
- Echocardiography can confirm diagnosis.
Comparison of auscultatory and echocardiographic findings in healthy adult cats
- Data on murmurs and heart issues in healthy adults is tabulated.
In Summary
- Brief summary of the significance of heart murmurs in cats based on age.
- Heart murmur prevalence values tabulated.
Cardiology in Two Pictures
- A cartoon depicts a firefighting analogy to convey the importance of early diagnosis.
Canine Heart Sounds
- Information and a link to audio examples of normal and abnormal heart sounds in dogs are included.
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Description
This quiz focuses on congenital cardiovascular diseases, covering essential topics such as cardiac anatomy, fetal circulation, and imaging modalities. Participants will learn to grade cardiac murmurs and recognize common types while exploring various congenital defects. The quiz also addresses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions.
