Cardiovascular System: Problems and Pathophysiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the immediate consequence if ischemic cells are in the path of the main electrical system conduit?

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Cardiac arrest (correct)
  • Cardiac tamponade

What is a common sign of ischemia as described in the text?

  • Increased urine output
  • Hypertension
  • Warm, dry skin
  • Dizziness (correct)

Which intervention is essential in managing heart failure according to the text?

  • Oxygen therapy (correct)
  • Fluid overload
  • Pain management
  • Antibiotic administration

What is the main cause of left-sided heart failure according to the text?

<p>Cardiomyopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to volume overloads and poor tissue perfusion that may result in death as described in the text?

<p>Heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is finding the etiology important in treating heart failure according to the text?

<p>To guide treatment regimens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is recommended in the management of heart failure to assess cardiac function?

<p>Doppler echocardiography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the heart valves?

<p>To regulate blood flow through the heart chambers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart tone is associated with the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves?

<p>S1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the S2 heart tone indicate?

<p>Ventricular contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart tone is associated with fluid buildup in the heart, indicating heart failure or congestive heart failure?

<p>S3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the heart's electrical system?

<p>To control the contraction of the heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the heart's pump function?

<p>To pump blood throughout the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cardiac arrhythmias?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cardiac arrhythmias lead to pump failure?

<p>Decreased sensitivity of SA and AV nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

<p>Arrhythmias can change the sensitivity of cardiac cells, leading to alterations in conduction rate and location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias in the text?

<p>Mitral valve prolapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the effects of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

<p>The effects of arrhythmias depend on their location in the heart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is NOT correct?

<p>Arrhythmias always lead to an increase in the conduction rate of the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the causes of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

<p>Drug use can potentially lead to the development of arrhythmias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key countermeasure for heart failure that regulates contraction and acts as a smooth muscle relaxant?

<p>Prostaglandins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the Adrenal Cortex in response to heart failure, causing retention and uptake of NA+ leading to volume overload?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological effect of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANP) in heart failure?

<p>Vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pathophysiology of left-sided heart failure, what is a common effect of too much volume in the Left Ventricle?

<p>EKG changes and axis deviations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological impact does fluid backup into the lungs have in left-sided heart failure?

<p>Diffusion issues (C02/O2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones may lead to LV hypertrophy in left-sided heart failure?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key countermeasures for right-sided heart failure due to fluid backup into the venous return?

<p>NTG use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension according to the text?

<p>Excess renin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of left-sided heart failure described in the text?

<p>Fluid backup into the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for hypertension according to the text?

<p>Outpatient treatment with education, diet, and medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a sign or symptom of right-sided heart failure in the text?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key physiological effect of hypertension?

<p>Increase in cardiac output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first-line treatment for heart failure according to the text?

<p>Oxygen therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of right-sided heart failure described in the text?

<p>Increase in central venous pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the flow of blood perfusing the heart becoming impaired, leading to ischemia and coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Myocardial infarction (MI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of an MI without ST changes, but diagnosed with laboratory findings such as elevated troponin levels?

<p>NONSTEMI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is troponin, a cardiac marker, measured to diagnose an MI?

<p>Three blood draws, 6-8 hours apart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a complication associated with hypertension (HTN) in the text?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a symptomatic sign or symptom of hypertension (HTN) in the text?

<p>Chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with hypertension (HTN)?

<p>Left axis deviation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a possible complication of hypertension (HTN) in the text?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of ischemia in the pathophysiology of an MI?

<p>Immediate necrosis of the heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid type is considered 'bad' and contributes to myocardial infarction?

<p>LDL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition relies on collateral circulation in the pathophysiology of an MI?

<p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of triglycerides in contributing to myocardial infarction?

<p>Provides energy for the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor results in decreasing the heart muscle's ability to expand and contract post-MI?

<p>Lost electrical kick in the damage area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which contributor to myocardial infarction stores unused calories and provides energy for the body?

<p>Triglycerides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does necrosis have on the surrounding heart muscle post-MI?

<p>'Bad' lipids are stored in fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of myocardial infarction (MI) as described in the text?

<p>Cardiogenic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological consequence of the atherosclerotic process as depicted in Figure 04.F24?

<p>Occlusion of the coronary arteries, preventing perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias is correct?

<p>Ischemic cells in the path of the main electrical system conduit can lead to arrhythmias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tests is recommended in the management of myocardial infarction (MI) according to the text?

<p>Echocardiogram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) is correct?

<p>Women may present with atypical symptoms, such as abdominal pain or a general feeling of unwellness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of heart failure is correct based on the information provided?

<p>Volume overload in the left ventricle can lead to pulmonary hypertension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the treatment of heart failure is correct?

<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to regulate contraction and act as smooth muscle relaxants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is correct based on the information provided?

<p>Atherosclerosis develops over many years due to the narrowing of coronary arteries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by an increase in the thickness of the heart muscle?

<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of right-sided heart failure described in the text?

<p>Venous congestion and edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first-line treatment for heart failure according to the text?

<p>Diuretics and ACE inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias in the text?

<p>Valvular heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological consequence of the atherosclerotic process as depicted in Figure 04.F24?

<p>Decreased blood flow to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological effect of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANP) in heart failure?

<p>Decreased blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a complication associated with hypertension (HTN) in the text?

<p>Dilated cardiomyopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key physiological effect of hypertension?

<p>Increased afterload on the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of triglycerides in contributing to myocardial infarction?

<p>Triglycerides increase the risk of blood clot formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate consequence if ischemic cells are in the path of the main electrical system conduit?

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism underlying the development of pericarditis according to the text?

<p>Infection triggers an autoimmune response, leading to inflammation and edema in the pericardial layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of cardiogenic shock described in the text?

<p>Decreased cardiac output and stroke volume due to the heart's inability to adequately supply blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identified as a key factor in the pathophysiology of myocarditis according to the text?

<p>Inflammation causing hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of the inflammatory process in pericarditis described in the text?

<p>Decreased cardiac output and stroke volume due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to heart failure?

<p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, weakening the heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological effect of the inflammatory process in pericarditis that can lead to decreased cardiac output?

<p>Fluid shifts into the pericardial space, decreasing venous return and stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to changes in the heart's electrical conduction system?

<p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, disrupting electrical pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism by which pericarditis can lead to decreased cardiac output and stroke volume?

<p>The inflammation leads to fluid shifts into the pericardial space, decreasing venous return (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism by which myocarditis can lead to heart dilation and decreased cardiac function?

<p>The inflammation causes hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, weakening the heart muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological mechanism by which pericarditis can affect the heart's electrical system?

<p>The inflammation leads to fluid buildup in the pericardial space, compressing the heart and affecting electrical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Here are the study notes for the text:

Cardiac Arrhythmias

  • Cardiac arrhythmias are problems with the heart's electrical system
  • Can involve any part of the heart (atria, ventricles)
  • Causes:
    • Congenital defects
    • MI
    • CHF
    • Drug use
    • Electrolyte imbalances
    • Acid-base imbalances
    • Hypertrophy (LVH)
    • Stress
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Cardiac cells increase or decrease sensitivity
    • Automaticity creates a change in conduction rate and location
    • Long-term effects change the electrical makeup of the heart, leading to pump failure
    • SA-AV nodes become overwhelmed, leading to a decrease in conduction and pump failure
    • Ischemia: area of the heart muscle lacks oxygen, leading to cell death and immediate pump failure
  • Symptoms:
    • ALOC
    • Cold, cool, clammy skin
    • Dyspnea
    • Hypotension
    • Palpations
    • Chest pain
    • Dizziness
    • Syncope or near syncope
    • Low urine output
    • Cocaine use

Heart Failure

  • Heart failure is a volume and perfusion issue
  • It's a "road to death"
  • Multiple syndromes lead to death
  • Causes:
    • MI
    • Cardiomyopathy
    • Hypovolemia
    • HTN
    • Pulmonary HTN
    • Valve problems
    • Infections
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Problems with the pump, pipes, and electrical system
    • Structures: heart valves, atria, ventricles
    • Heart tones: S1, S2, S3, S4
    • Cardiac output and stroke volume
  • Symptoms:
    • Dyspnea
    • Orthopnea
    • Hemoptysis
    • Tachycardia
    • S3, S4 heart tones
    • Cool, pale

Hypertension

  • Hypertension is the silent killer
  • Elevation in systolic and diastolic pressures
  • Elevation in cardiac output and contraction
  • Types:
    • Primary hypertension: family history, age, race, obesity, smoking, high intake of NA+, high intake of saturated fats, ETOH, lazy lifestyle
    • Secondary hypertension: excess renin, electrolyte issues, DM, heart problems, endocrine problems, pregnancy
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Increase in central venous pressures
    • Increasing cardiac output
    • Decreasing lumen sizes
    • Systemic vasoconstriction
    • Increasing viscosity
  • Treatment:
    • Education
    • Diet
    • PO medications (ABCD blockers)
    • Encourage to see primary care physician

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

  • MI is acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
  • Occlusion occurs in the heart's circulatory system
  • Ischemia leads to cell death
  • Types:
    • STEMI (ST elevation MI)
    • NSTEMI (non-ST elevation MI)
  • Causes:
    • CAD
    • HTN
    • Coronary spasms
    • Thrombosis
    • DM
    • Obesity
    • Poor diet
    • Smoking
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Occlusion occurs in the heart's circulatory system
    • Ischemia starts
    • Necrosis occurs
    • Damage location affects surrounding muscle
    • Electrical kick is lost in the damaged area
    • Remodeling occurs

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • CAD is atherosclerosis
  • Narrowing of the coronary arteries
  • Diminishes oxygen supply and nutrients to the heart muscle
  • Causes:
    • Atherosclerosis
    • Dissecting aneurysm
    • Congenital abnormalities
  • Pathophysiology:
      1. Occlusion prevents perfusion
      1. Narrowing of the coronary arteries
      1. Diminishes oxygen supply and nutrients
      1. Leads to CAD
  • Treatment:
    • Cath lab
    • ABCD blockers
    • Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    • Angioplasty
    • Stent placement
    • Education
    • Lifestyle changes

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