Questions and Answers
A nurse is describing the process by which blood is ejected into circulation as the chamber of the heart becomes smaller. The instructor categorizes this as what action?
During a shift assessment, where will the nurse best palpate the client's point of maximum impulse (PMI)?
If the client's blood pressure is 122/76, what is the client's pulse pressure?
46 mm Hg
A nurse notes a low central venous pressure (CVP) in a client who has been admitted after an ischemic stroke. Which condition is the most likely reason for a low CVP?
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An audible S3 heart sound would be considered an expected finding in which client?
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The nurse recognizes that an increase in heart rate in a client with coronary artery disease (CAD) may result in which outcome?
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What factor should the nurse identify as possibly contributing to a decrease in cardiac output in a client who has a history of heart disease?
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Which blood pressure readings would indicate that the nurse should notify the health care provider of a positive finding?
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The nurse notes an increasing central venous pressure (CVP). This may indicate:
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In addition to assessing left ventricular function, what is an additional function of a pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system?
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The cardiac care nurse is aware that electrical conduction of the heart usually originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node and then proceeds in which sequence?
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A client has been diagnosed with damage to the layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action after a myocardial infarction. This client experienced damage to which area of the heart?
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The nurse recognizes that which factor increases afterload?
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What is the most common reason for performing cardiac catheterization?
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The care team recognizes a need to monitor the client's cardiac function closely after the client reports substernal chest pain. Which form of monitoring should the nurse anticipate?
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The nurse should identify the priority nursing diagnosis of a risk for which outcome based on the vital signs of a client?
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What diagnosis may the care team investigate after drawing a brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) sample from a client?
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When should a lipid profile be drawn to maximize the accuracy of results?
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A client with coronary artery disease is advised to take an aspirin every day. What rationale for this intervention would be best?
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What process implicated in the development of atherosclerosis can be evaluated with a high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test?
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What should the nurse teach a client scheduled for transthoracic echocardiography?
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To prepare the client for cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) with contrast, what action should the nurse perform?
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During an exercise stress test, if a client develops chest pain before reaching the target heart rate, what is the nurse's most appropriate response?
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The initial troponin 1 result for a client admitted with unstable angina is elevated. What implication does this finding have?
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When discussing the client's elevated LDL and lower HDL levels, what statement shows understanding of the significance of these levels?
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What aspect of the resident's pain would be most suggestive of angina as the cause?
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What is the most important determination to make during the intake assessment of a client with a new diagnosis of coronary artery disease?
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Study Notes
Systole and Diastole
- Systole is the phase of the heart cycle where the heart chambers decrease in size to eject blood into circulation.
- Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heart, where the chambers fill with blood.
Point of Maximum Impulse (PMI)
- The PMI is best palpated at the left midclavicular line, specifically at the fifth intercostal space.
- This area corresponds to the location of the left ventricle, responsible for the apical heartbeat.
Pulse Pressure Calculation
- Pulse pressure is determined by subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.
- For a blood pressure of 122/76, the pulse pressure is 46 mm Hg.
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
- A low CVP often indicates hypovolemia, which suggests reduced right ventricular preload.
- CVP provides insight into heart function and volume status.
Heart Sounds
- An audible S3 heart sound is considered normal in individuals up to about 35-40 years old; it is categorized as a physiologic S3.
Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Rate
- Increased heart rate during physical activity in patients with CAD may lead to myocardial ischemia due to reduced coronary perfusion.
Cardiac Output Influences
- Cardiac output can be compromised by a low heart rate; for instance, a heart rate of 54 bpm can reduce overall output.
Orthostatic Blood Pressure
- Significant drops in blood pressure upon changing positions (e.g., from supine to standing) may indicate orthostatic hypotension, which poses a risk for falls.
CVP Monitoring
- An increasing CVP can be indicative of hypervolemia or conditions like heart failure due to decreased myocardial contractility.
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring
- This monitoring assesses left ventricular function and evaluates the body's response to fluid and medications.
Cardiac Conduction System
- The normal sequence of cardiac electrical conduction is SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
Myocardial Infarction
- Damage to the myocardium impacts the heart's pumping ability; this layer of muscle is critical for cardiac function.
Afterload and Stroke Volume
- Increased afterload, often due to arterial vasoconstriction, negatively affects stroke volume, reducing cardiac output.
Cardiac Catheterization Purpose
- It is primarily used to evaluate the patency of coronary arteries to decide on potential revascularization.
Monitoring Cardiac Function
- Continuous ECG monitoring is critical in emergency settings for clients displaying signs of potential cardiac events.
Falls & Orthostatic Hypotension
- Patients with significant blood pressure drops upon standing are at increased risk for falls due to dizziness.
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
- Elevated BNP levels in older adults suggest potential heart failure, serving both diagnostic and prognostic roles.
Lipid Profile Testing
- A lipid profile should be drawn after a 12-hour fast to ensure accurate cholesterol level assessment.
Aspirin for Cardiovascular Health
- Daily aspirin use is recommended to prevent blockages that may lead to chest pain or myocardial infarction.
High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP)
- This test evaluates systemic inflammation, which is heavily implicated in atherosclerosis development.
Transthoracic Echocardiography
- This noninvasive test provides a profile of heart function without entering the body, minimizing discomfort.
Preparing for Cardiac CT
- Establishing peripheral IV access is necessary for administering contrast during cardiovascular CT scans.
Exercise Stress Test Protocol
- If a patient experiences chest pain before reaching target heart rate, the test should be stopped for close monitoring.
Troponin Levels in Angina
- Elevated troponin I levels accurately indicate myocardial injury and are measured shortly after such injuries occur.
Cholesterol Levels and CAD Risk
- Increased LDL and decreased HDL levels correlate with a higher risk of coronary artery disease.
Angina Characteristics
- Chest pain following physical exertion is a key indicator of angina.
Client Education in CAD
- Recognizing symptoms of acute cardiac problems by the patient and family members is crucial for timely intervention during emergencies.
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Description
This quiz provides a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular function, focusing on key terms and processes related to the heart's activity. Each flashcard presents a scenario for nurses to identify the correct cardiovascular terms, enhancing their understanding and retention of critical concepts in the field. Perfect for nursing students and professionals preparing for exams or enhancing their knowledge.
