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Questions and Answers
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for the actual contraction?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for the actual contraction?
What structure divides the bundle of His into right and left pathways?
What structure divides the bundle of His into right and left pathways?
Which of the following chambers receives deoxygenated blood?
Which of the following chambers receives deoxygenated blood?
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What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?
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What is the primary purpose of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)?
What is the primary purpose of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)?
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What does cardiac catheterization primarily measure?
What does cardiac catheterization primarily measure?
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Where is the preferred site for inserting a central venous pressure (CVP) catheter?
Where is the preferred site for inserting a central venous pressure (CVP) catheter?
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What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
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In pulmonary artery pressure monitoring, what is a key use of the procedure?
In pulmonary artery pressure monitoring, what is a key use of the procedure?
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Which of the following is NOT a task involved in the assessment prior to cardiac catheterization?
Which of the following is NOT a task involved in the assessment prior to cardiac catheterization?
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What type of catheter is typically used for intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring?
What type of catheter is typically used for intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring?
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Which of the following best describes a key component of patient education post-cardiac catheterization?
Which of the following best describes a key component of patient education post-cardiac catheterization?
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What is the primary purpose of signal-averaged electrocardiography?
What is the primary purpose of signal-averaged electrocardiography?
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What type of stress testing uses medication to mimic exercise effects?
What type of stress testing uses medication to mimic exercise effects?
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Which vasodilating agent is NOT mentioned as being used during pharmacologic stress testing?
Which vasodilating agent is NOT mentioned as being used during pharmacologic stress testing?
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What is a key feature of radionuclide imaging?
What is a key feature of radionuclide imaging?
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What technique is used in cardiac CT scanning to create three-dimensional images?
What technique is used in cardiac CT scanning to create three-dimensional images?
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Which imaging technique uses tracers to determine blood flow and metabolic function in the myocardium?
Which imaging technique uses tracers to determine blood flow and metabolic function in the myocardium?
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What condition may prevent a patient from achieving their target heart rate during exercise stress testing?
What condition may prevent a patient from achieving their target heart rate during exercise stress testing?
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Multidetector CT (MDCT) is characterized by what feature?
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is characterized by what feature?
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What is the term for the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat?
What is the term for the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat?
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Which phase of cardiac action potential refers to the return of a cell to its resting state?
Which phase of cardiac action potential refers to the return of a cell to its resting state?
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Which term describes the resistance that the heart must overcome to eject blood?
Which term describes the resistance that the heart must overcome to eject blood?
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What does the ejection fraction indicate?
What does the ejection fraction indicate?
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Which cardiac biomarker is most commonly used to diagnose myocardial infarction?
Which cardiac biomarker is most commonly used to diagnose myocardial infarction?
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What is preload primarily influenced by?
What is preload primarily influenced by?
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Which system is primarily responsible for controlling the heart rate?
Which system is primarily responsible for controlling the heart rate?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of cardiac issues?
What is a common clinical manifestation of cardiac issues?
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Which factor can decrease cardiac contractility?
Which factor can decrease cardiac contractility?
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What effect do baroreceptors have on heart function?
What effect do baroreceptors have on heart function?
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Study Notes
Overview of Heart Anatomy and Physiology
- Composed of three layers: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.
- Contains four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
- Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow.
Cardiac Conduction System
- Generates and transmits electrical impulses prompting myocardial contraction.
- Sinoatrial (SA) node: primary pacemaker.
- Atrioventricular (AV) node: secondary pacemaker.
- Impulses travel through bundle of His, dividing into right and left bundle branches.
- Purkinje fibers rapidly conduct impulses, triggering ventricular contraction.
Cardiac Action Potential
- Depolarization: Activation from sodium influx; potassium exits.
- Repolarization: Return to resting state with potassium re-entry; sodium exits.
- Effective refractory period: Cells can't depolarize.
- Relative refractory period: Stronger stimulus needed for depolarization.
Cardiac Output Components
- Stroke Volume: Blood ejected per heartbeat.
- Cardiac Output (CO): Blood volume pumped by ventricles in liters per minute (CO = SV x HR).
- Preload: Stretch of cardiac muscle fibers at diastole's end.
- Contractility: Cardiac muscle's ability to shorten after electrical stimulation.
- Afterload: Resistance against which ventricle must eject blood.
- Ejection Fraction: Percentage of end-diastolic volume ejected per heartbeat.
Factors Influencing Cardiac Function
- Heart rate controlled by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors.
- Stroke volume affected by preload, afterload, and contractility, influenced by various factors including medications and physiological conditions.
Patient Assessment
- Collect health history including demographics, family history, and cultural factors.
- Identify risk factors: modifiable and nonmodifiable.
- Common symptoms: chest pain, dyspnea, peripheral edema, weight gain, fatigue, dizziness, and syncope.
Laboratory Tests
- Cardiac biomarkers: CK, CK-MB, myoglobin, troponins, lipid profile, B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, homocysteine.
Electrocardiography Techniques
- 12 Lead ECG for initial assessment; continuous monitoring in high-risk patients.
- Cardiac stress tests include exercise and pharmacologic types for those unable to exercise.
Diagnostic Testing Methods
- Radionuclide imaging for myocardial perfusion and function.
- Computed tomography (CT) provides detailed heart images using x-rays.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) assesses blood flow and metabolic function.
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) examines heart properties non-invasively.
Cardiac Catheterization
- Invasive procedure to measure chamber pressures, assess coronary artery status.
- Requires careful monitoring and pre/post-procedure assessments for potential risks.
Hemodynamic Monitoring
- Central Venous Pressure (CVP): Indicates pressure in vena cava/right atrium; normal range is 2 to 6 mm Hg.
- Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring used to assess left ventricular function and treatment effectiveness.
- Intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring for continuous sampling and measurements.
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Description
This quiz covers Chapter 26, focusing on the assessment of cardiovascular function. It explores the anatomy and physiology of the heart, including its structure, chambers, valves, and the cardiac conduction system. Test your knowledge on the essential concepts related to cardiovascular health.
