Acute Coronary Syndromes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which modifiable risk factor can lead to increased arterial shear stress and plaque rupture?

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypertension (correct)

Obesity

Poor Diet

What is a primary cause of myocardial infarction?

Complete occlusion of coronary artery

Oxygen starvation

Thrombus formation (correct)

Myocardial ischemia

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for myocardial infarction?

Poor Diet

Dyslipidemia

Age (correct)

Smoking

What effect does diabetes mellitus have on the risk of myocardial infarction?

Promotes endothelial dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which group has a higher predisposition to myocardial infarction, according to ethnicity?

Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

In terms of risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which of the following is true?

Sedentary lifestyle contributes to metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which population is generally at a higher risk of myocardial infarction before menopause?

Males Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of a complete occlusion in the coronary artery?

Ischemia leading to necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for Acute Coronary Syndrome?

High levels of HDL cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the thrombotic process in Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Exposure of subendothelial proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of prolonged myocardial ischemia?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking contribute to the development of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

By increasing oxidative stress and reducing nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in the context of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Platelet aggregation and thrombus formation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Smoking habits Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a thrombus completely occludes a coronary artery?

Subsequent myocardial ischemia and infarction Signup and view all the answers

How does atherosclerotic plaque rupture lead to a myocardial infarction?

It exposes subendothelial collagen triggering platelet activation. Signup and view all the answers

Acute Coronary Syndrome is characterized by a spectrum that includes which of the following?

Unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart muscle cells during myocardial necrosis?

They die and are replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does persistent ischemia have on the heart muscle?

It leads to tissue death (necrosis). Signup and view all the answers

Which group is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease?

Individuals with a family history of CAD Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of coronary artery occlusion due to thrombus formation?

Lack of oxygen leading to myocardial ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the scar tissue that replaces infarcted heart cells?

It is non-contractile and fibrous. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Myocardial Infarction

ACS: A spectrum of conditions caused by sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart. Includes Unstable Angina (UA), Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).
Most Likely Cause of ACS: Rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery, leading to coronary thrombus formation.
Pathophysiology of Plaque Rupture/Erosion:
- Thin fibrous caps of plaques rupture due to shear stress.
- Lipid-rich material is released into bloodstream, triggering platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation.
Thrombus Formation:
- Platelets aggregate to form a platelet plug.
- Coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition, stabilizing the thrombus.
Reduced Blood Flow and Ischemia:
- Thrombus partially or completely occludes artery.
- Reduced coronary blood flow leads to myocardial ischemia (oxygen starvation).
- Prolonged ischemia results in myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Disease Transmission: Not transmissible. Caused by atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombus formation.
Modifiable Risk Factors for ACS: Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Poor Diet.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

MI: Heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of heart muscle is blocked for an extended period (tissue death/necrosis).
Most Likely Cause of MI: Complete occlusion of a coronary artery due to a thrombus, following plaque rupture, or thromboembolism from a plaque rupture in coronary artery.
Pathophysiology of MI
- Plaque rupture or erosion exposes subendothelial collagen and tissue factor.
- Platelets release thromboxane A2, promoting vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
- Coagulation cascade leads to fibrin formation, creating a thrombus.
- Complete occlusion of coronary artery stops blood flow.
- Lack of oxygen causes myocardial ischemia then necrosis of cardiac muscle cells within minutes.
Disease Transmission: Not transmissible. Caused by internal processes.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for MI: Age, Sex, Family history, and Ethnicity.
Modifiable Risk Factors for MI: Same as risk factors for ACS.

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Description

This quiz explores various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Test your knowledge on how conditions like diabetes and lifestyle choices impact heart health, as well as demographic factors that contribute to risk. Determine your understanding of the thrombotic process and the consequences of cardiac events.