Cardiovascular
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Questions and Answers

S/sx of myocarditis include fever, fatigue, chest pain, and ______.

SOB

Endocarditis can be caused by infections such as ______ or Staphylococcus.

TB

In Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), the buildup of plaque affects the ______ extremities.

lower

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may experience ______ pain.

<p>angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of fat embolism is often indicated by a 'snow storm' appearance on ______.

<p>chest x-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virchow's Triad includes stasis of venous circulation, hypercoagulability, and ______ damage.

<p>endothelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal BNP level is less than ______ pg/mL; levels above indicate heart failure.

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with mechanical valves require lifelong ______ therapy to prevent thromboembolism.

<p>anticoagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In myocarditis, the inflammation typically occurs due to a viral ______.

<p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scleroderma is associated with abnormal blood flow in response to ______.

<p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow follows the order: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______

<p>Aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acronym APE To Man helps to remember the heart sounds associated with the ______ valve.

<p>Aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Acute Coronary Syndromes, NSTEMI is caused by a ______ occlusion that leads to ischemia.

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prinzmetal's Angina is typically triggered by ______ stress, cold weather, and smoking.

<p>emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acronym MONA refers to the medications administered during a ______.

<p>Myocardial Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Left-sided heart failure can lead to ______ edema, dyspnea, and orthopnea.

<p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac Tamponade is a medical emergency characterized by fluid buildup in the ______.

<p>pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women may experience atypical symptoms such as neck, shoulder, or jaw pain during a ______.

<p>Myocardial Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a friction rub is an indicator of ______.

<p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In right-sided heart failure, signs include peripheral ______, weight gain, and JVD.

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Blood Flow: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic (APE To Man)
  • Acute Coronary Syndromes:
    • Unstable Angina: Minor occlusion, pain typically relieved by medication.
    • NSTEMI: Partial occlusion, ischemia and heart muscle damage, requires PCI or thrombolytics.
    • STEMI: Full occlusion, infarction or death of heart muscle, labs show elevated biomarkers, ST elevation on EKG, requires PCI.
    • Angina: Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart. Treat with rest, vital signs, ECG for active angina. <5 minutes between nitroglycerin tablets if no relief contact emergency personnel.
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Blockage of blood flow to the heart, severe chest pain/pressure, dyspnea, diaphoresis, Women: neck, shoulder, jaw pain, fatigue, SOB, vomiting,heartburn. Give MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin). Test for Myoglobin, CK, and Troponin.
  • Heart Failure: Heart is unable to meet body's oxygen demands, blood backs up in the body (right sided) or lungs (left sided). Needs O2, diuretics, monitor vital signs and I&O's, assess for hypoxia and edema, daily weights, and fluid/sodium restriction.
  • Right-sided HF/Cor Pulmonale: Caused by left ventricular failure, s/sx are peripheral edema, JVD, weight gain, hepatomegaly.
  • Left-sided HF: S/sx: pulmonary edema, dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, cough.

Additional Cardiovascular Conditions

  • Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup in the pericardium, creates pressure, medical emergency, Beck's Triad (hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds), pericardiocentesis needed.
  • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, friction rub, pain, ECG changes. Management: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, monitor for tamponade.
  • Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium, typically viral infection. S/sx: fever, fatigue, chest pain, SOB. Treat symptoms, O2 as needed, bed rest, diuretics, ACEi, sodium restriction (if heart failure develops).
  • Endocarditis: Inflammation of inner lining of the heart, infections like TB or Staph, autoimmune conditions. S/sx: SOB, fever, palpitations, night sweats. Treatment IV antibiotics, monitor for emboli .
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Chronic atherosclerotic disease, affects lower extremities, common causes tissue necrosis. Treatment: lower extremities below heart, moderate exercise, daily skin care, meds, warmth, and caution about tight clothing.
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Plaque buildup in coronary arteries limits blood flow, s/sx: angina, fatigue, SOB, heart attack. Treatment: control BP, low-fat/low-salt diet, stop smoking, regular exercise. Encourage healthy lifestyle changes.
  • Scleroderma: Causes abnormal blood flow, especially in response to cold.
  • Fat Embolism: Usually after fractures of long bones. S/sx: SOB, confusion, tachycardia, lethargy.
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Thrombus forms in vein, usually legs; s/sx: warm skin, calf pain, edema. Treatment: bed rest, elevate extremity, compression stockings, anticoagulants, thrombolytics.

Additional Notes

  • Improve perfusion: Elevate veins, dangle arteries.
  • Hypertension: Assess BP in both arms.
  • Mechanical Valves: Anticoagulation therapy needed to prevent thromboembolism.
  • Fluid Retention: Heart issue is likely first consideration.
  • BNP: >100 pg/mL indicates heart failure.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of the cardiovascular system, including blood flow pathways and types of acute coronary syndromes. It details conditions such as unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI, and myocardial infarction, as well as heart failure management. Assess your understanding of these critical cardiovascular health topics.

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