Podcast
Questions and Answers
S/sx of myocarditis include fever, fatigue, chest pain, and ______.
S/sx of myocarditis include fever, fatigue, chest pain, and ______.
SOB
Endocarditis can be caused by infections such as ______ or Staphylococcus.
Endocarditis can be caused by infections such as ______ or Staphylococcus.
TB
In Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), the buildup of plaque affects the ______ extremities.
In Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), the buildup of plaque affects the ______ extremities.
lower
Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may experience ______ pain.
Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may experience ______ pain.
The presence of fat embolism is often indicated by a 'snow storm' appearance on ______.
The presence of fat embolism is often indicated by a 'snow storm' appearance on ______.
Virchow's Triad includes stasis of venous circulation, hypercoagulability, and ______ damage.
Virchow's Triad includes stasis of venous circulation, hypercoagulability, and ______ damage.
The normal BNP level is less than ______ pg/mL; levels above indicate heart failure.
The normal BNP level is less than ______ pg/mL; levels above indicate heart failure.
Patients with mechanical valves require lifelong ______ therapy to prevent thromboembolism.
Patients with mechanical valves require lifelong ______ therapy to prevent thromboembolism.
In myocarditis, the inflammation typically occurs due to a viral ______.
In myocarditis, the inflammation typically occurs due to a viral ______.
Scleroderma is associated with abnormal blood flow in response to ______.
Scleroderma is associated with abnormal blood flow in response to ______.
Blood flow follows the order: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______
Blood flow follows the order: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______
The acronym APE To Man helps to remember the heart sounds associated with the ______ valve.
The acronym APE To Man helps to remember the heart sounds associated with the ______ valve.
In Acute Coronary Syndromes, NSTEMI is caused by a ______ occlusion that leads to ischemia.
In Acute Coronary Syndromes, NSTEMI is caused by a ______ occlusion that leads to ischemia.
Prinzmetal's Angina is typically triggered by ______ stress, cold weather, and smoking.
Prinzmetal's Angina is typically triggered by ______ stress, cold weather, and smoking.
The acronym MONA refers to the medications administered during a ______.
The acronym MONA refers to the medications administered during a ______.
Left-sided heart failure can lead to ______ edema, dyspnea, and orthopnea.
Left-sided heart failure can lead to ______ edema, dyspnea, and orthopnea.
Cardiac Tamponade is a medical emergency characterized by fluid buildup in the ______.
Cardiac Tamponade is a medical emergency characterized by fluid buildup in the ______.
Women may experience atypical symptoms such as neck, shoulder, or jaw pain during a ______.
Women may experience atypical symptoms such as neck, shoulder, or jaw pain during a ______.
The presence of a friction rub is an indicator of ______.
The presence of a friction rub is an indicator of ______.
In right-sided heart failure, signs include peripheral ______, weight gain, and JVD.
In right-sided heart failure, signs include peripheral ______, weight gain, and JVD.
Flashcards
Blood Flow Pathway
Blood Flow Pathway
The sequence of blood flow through the heart's valves: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic
Myocarditis
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viruses.
Heart Sound Location
Heart Sound Location
A mnemonic to locate heart sounds: Aortic, Pulmonary, Erb's Point, Tricuspid, Mitral.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis
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Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina
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Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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NSTEMI
NSTEMI
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STEMI
STEMI
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
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Virchow's Triad
Virchow's Triad
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Angina
Angina
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Pleuritic Chest Pain
Pleuritic Chest Pain
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Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
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Fat Embolism
Fat Embolism
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Right-sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale)
Right-sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale)
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Left-sided Heart Failure
Left-sided Heart Failure
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Scleroderma
Scleroderma
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BNP
BNP
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Cardiac Tamponade
Cardiac Tamponade
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Blood Flow: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic (APE To Man)
- Acute Coronary Syndromes:
- Unstable Angina: Minor occlusion, pain typically relieved by medication.
- NSTEMI: Partial occlusion, ischemia and heart muscle damage, requires PCI or thrombolytics.
- STEMI: Full occlusion, infarction or death of heart muscle, labs show elevated biomarkers, ST elevation on EKG, requires PCI.
- Angina: Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart. Treat with rest, vital signs, ECG for active angina. <5 minutes between nitroglycerin tablets if no relief contact emergency personnel.
- Myocardial Infarction (MI): Blockage of blood flow to the heart, severe chest pain/pressure, dyspnea, diaphoresis, Women: neck, shoulder, jaw pain, fatigue, SOB, vomiting,heartburn. Give MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin). Test for Myoglobin, CK, and Troponin.
- Heart Failure: Heart is unable to meet body's oxygen demands, blood backs up in the body (right sided) or lungs (left sided). Needs O2, diuretics, monitor vital signs and I&O's, assess for hypoxia and edema, daily weights, and fluid/sodium restriction.
- Right-sided HF/Cor Pulmonale: Caused by left ventricular failure, s/sx are peripheral edema, JVD, weight gain, hepatomegaly.
- Left-sided HF: S/sx: pulmonary edema, dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, cough.
Additional Cardiovascular Conditions
- Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup in the pericardium, creates pressure, medical emergency, Beck's Triad (hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds), pericardiocentesis needed.
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, friction rub, pain, ECG changes. Management: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, monitor for tamponade.
- Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium, typically viral infection. S/sx: fever, fatigue, chest pain, SOB. Treat symptoms, O2 as needed, bed rest, diuretics, ACEi, sodium restriction (if heart failure develops).
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of inner lining of the heart, infections like TB or Staph, autoimmune conditions. S/sx: SOB, fever, palpitations, night sweats. Treatment IV antibiotics, monitor for emboli .
- Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Chronic atherosclerotic disease, affects lower extremities, common causes tissue necrosis. Treatment: lower extremities below heart, moderate exercise, daily skin care, meds, warmth, and caution about tight clothing.
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Plaque buildup in coronary arteries limits blood flow, s/sx: angina, fatigue, SOB, heart attack. Treatment: control BP, low-fat/low-salt diet, stop smoking, regular exercise. Encourage healthy lifestyle changes.
- Scleroderma: Causes abnormal blood flow, especially in response to cold.
- Fat Embolism: Usually after fractures of long bones. S/sx: SOB, confusion, tachycardia, lethargy.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Thrombus forms in vein, usually legs; s/sx: warm skin, calf pain, edema. Treatment: bed rest, elevate extremity, compression stockings, anticoagulants, thrombolytics.
Additional Notes
- Improve perfusion: Elevate veins, dangle arteries.
- Hypertension: Assess BP in both arms.
- Mechanical Valves: Anticoagulation therapy needed to prevent thromboembolism.
- Fluid Retention: Heart issue is likely first consideration.
- BNP: >100 pg/mL indicates heart failure.
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