56 Questions
What is the cardiac-specific isoenzyme that increases when there has been damage to cardiac cells?
CK-MB
Which biomarker remains elevated for a long period, often as long as 2 weeks, and can be used to detect recent myocardial damage?
Troponin T
What protein found in myocardial cells regulates the myocardial contractile process?
Troponin
What is used to evaluate ventricular function and can assist in diagnosing an MI, especially when the ECG is nondiagnostic?
Echocardiogram
Which enzyme level starts to increase within 1 to 3 hours after the onset of symptoms and peaks within 12 hours?
Myoglobin
What are used to diagnose an acute MI based on the release of cellular contents into the circulation when myocardial cells die?
Cardiac enzymes and biomarkers
What is the preferred term for coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction?
Myocardial infarction
Which condition includes reduced blood flow in a coronary artery, often due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque?
Unstable angina
What can result in chest pain and other symptoms that may be referred to as preinfarction angina?
Unstable angina
What results in complete occlusion of a coronary artery, leading to ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium?
Myocardial infarction
Which term is used synonymously with coronary occlusion and heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
What situation can result in chest pain and other symptoms that may be referred to as preinfarction angina?
Unstable angina
When does a clot begin to form on top of the coronary lesion but the artery is not completely occluded?
Unstable angina
What results in vasospasm (sudden constriction or narrowing) of a coronary artery?
Acute blood loss
What leads to decreased oxygen supply in the context of acute coronary syndrome?
Low blood pressure
What may result in chest pain and other symptoms that can be referred to as preinfarction angina?
Unstable angina
What condition results in necrosis of the myocardium supplied by a specific artery due to complete occlusion of the artery?
Myocardial infarction
What leads to increased demand for oxygen in the context of acute coronary syndrome?
Myocardial infarction
What is the main presenting symptom in most patients with acute coronary syndrome?
Chest pain
What do the signs and symptoms of MI, caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, include?
Cool, pale, and moist skin
What diagnostic tool provides information to assist in ruling out or diagnosing an acute MI?
12-lead ECG
What is a key diagnostic indicator for STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction)?
ST-segment elevation
What do abnormal Q waves on an ECG indicate?
Necrotic tissue
How is NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction) diagnosed?
By blood levels of cardiac biomarkers
What is the first ECG indicator to return to normal during recovery from an MI?
ST-segment elevation
What differentiates NSTEMI from STEMI?
Elevated troponin levels without definite ECG evidence of acute MI
What causes the ST segment to rise at least 1 mm above the isoelectric line on an ECG during an acute MI?
Delayed myocardial repolarization
Which term refers to the differentiation between NSTEMI and STEMI based on diagnostic tests?
Acute coronary syndrome
What is the main goal of medical therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome?
To prevent or minimize myocardial tissue death
What may be present during an MI without persistent ST elevation or other ECG changes?
Abnormal Q wave without ST-segment and T-wave changes
What is the preferred term for an emergent situation characterized by an acute onset of myocardial ischemia that can lead to myocardial death?
Myocardial infarction (MI)
What condition involves reduced blood flow in a coronary artery, often due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, and may result in chest pain and other symptoms known as preinfarction angina?
Unstable angina
What occurs when plaque rupture and subsequent thrombus formation result in complete occlusion of a coronary artery, leading to ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium supplied by that artery?
Myocardial infarction (MI)
What is the term used to describe the spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndrome which includes unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI?
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Which condition involves sudden constriction or narrowing of a coronary artery and may lead to decreased oxygen supply, resulting in myocardial ischemia?
Vasospasm of a coronary artery
What type of situation results in reduced blood flow in a coronary artery, often due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, but without complete occlusion of the artery?
Unstable angina
In which condition does a clot begin to form on top of the coronary lesion but the artery is not completely occluded?
Unstable angina
Which protein found in myocardial cells is specific for cardiac muscle and recognized as a reliable marker of myocardial injury?
Troponin T
What enzyme is a cardiac-specific isoenzyme found mainly in cardiac cells and increases when there has been damage to these cells?
CK-MB
Which enzyme level starts to increase within a few hours during acute MI and remains elevated for a long period, often as long as 2 weeks?
Troponin I
What diagnostic tool can be used to evaluate ventricular function and assist in diagnosing an MI, especially when the ECG is nondiagnostic?
Echocardiogram
What is the preferred term for coronary occlusion and heart attack?
MI (myocardial infarction)
Which condition results in necrosis of the myocardium supplied by a specific artery due to complete occlusion of the artery?
STEMI
What may be used to rule out an acute MI if negative results are obtained?
Elevated myoglobin level
When does myoglobin level start to increase after the onset of symptoms and when does it peak?
Starts within 1 to 3 hours and peaks within 12 hours
What can detect hypokinetic and akinetic wall motion and determine the ejection fraction?
Echocardiogram
What is the main presenting symptom in most patients with acute coronary syndrome?
Chest pain that occurs suddenly and continues despite rest and medication
What are the ECG changes that occur with an MI?
T-wave inversion, ST-segment elevation, and development of an abnormal Q wave
Which biomarker remains elevated for a long period, often as long as 2 weeks, and can be used to detect recent myocardial damage?
Troponin
What is the preferred term for coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction?
Heart attack
What may result in chest pain and other symptoms that can be referred to as preinfarction angina?
All of the above
What condition results in necrosis of the myocardium supplied by a specific artery due to complete occlusion of the artery?
STEMI
Which term refers to the differentiation between NSTEMI and STEMI based on diagnostic tests?
12-lead ECG
What enzyme level starts to increase within 1 to 3 hours after the onset of symptoms and peaks within 12 hours?
CK-MB
What results in complete occlusion of a coronary artery, leading to ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium?
Heart attack
What is used to evaluate ventricular function and can assist in diagnosing an MI, especially when the ECG is nondiagnostic?
Echocardiography
This quiz provides an introduction to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), covering its emergent nature, the spectrum of ACS including unstable angina, NSTEMI, and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and the importance of prompt interventions to prevent myocardial death.
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