Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What physiological change occurs prior to exercise due to adrenaline release?

Reduction in muscle temperature

Increase in heart rate (correct)

Decrease in respiratory rate

Stabilization of blood pressure

During alveolar-capillary exchange, where does oxygen move?

From muscle tissue to blood

From alveoli to blood (correct)

From capillaries to alveoli

From blood to muscle tissue

What is the main function of myoglobin in muscle tissue?

Transport carbon dioxide

Facilitate gas exchange in the lungs

Store oxygen for rapid use (correct)

Enhance oxygen transport in the blood

What is indicated by an increased a-vO2 difference during exercise?

More oxygen is used by muscles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise?

It shifts to the right Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation of alveoli improves the efficiency of gas exchange?

Extensive blood supply with numerous capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the Bohr shift during exercise?

Higher CO2 and increased blood acidity Signup and view all the answers

How much oxygen is typically dissolved in plasma?

3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas delivered by hyperbaric chambers?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy assist in healing injuries?

Allows oxygen to reach the injury site more effectively Signup and view all the answers

What does impulse refer to in the context of linear motion?

The change in momentum over time Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, what causes angular acceleration?

Torque acting on an object Signup and view all the answers

What is angular momentum a product of?

Moment of inertia and angular velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decreasing an object's moment of inertia during flight?

Increase in angular velocity Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle role acts in opposition to the agonist during movement?

Antagonist Signup and view all the answers

Which joint action involves a decrease in the angle between two body parts?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs to direct blood flow during exercise?

Blood is redirected away from non-essential organs to working muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are considered intrinsic when discussing sources of injuries?

Body weight and composition and muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of chronic injuries?

They develop slowly and can last a long time Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

The thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic factor causing injury?

Inappropriate or unfamiliar playing surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following injuries causes severe pain and swelling immediately after occurrence?

Acute injury Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle actions occur during expiration?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and abdominals contract Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for vasodilation during exercise?

Increased CO2 and acidity detected by chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of fractures?

Swelling or bruising Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture occurs when the bone splinters into three or more pieces?

Comminuted Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes dislocations?

A fall or a blow Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a strain and a sprain?

Strains affect muscles; sprains affect ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of chronic injury among runners?

Achilles tendonitis Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT apply to RICE injury management?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of tennis elbow?

Excessive wrist movements Signup and view all the answers

Which intrinsic consideration is important for injury prevention?

Warm up adequately Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscles that lead to stress fractures?

They become fatigued and transfer stress to the bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended approach to sports rehabilitation?

Increase training intensity immediately after injury Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System During Exercise

Anticipatory rise in heart rate occurs before exercise due to adrenaline release.

Respiratory System

Gas Exchange: Gases move from high to low partial pressure (pO2, pCO2).
Diffusion Gradient: Gases move across diffusion gradients, faster exchange with a larger difference.
Alveolar-Capillary Exchange:
- Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood (lower pO2).
- Carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli (higher pCO2).
Muscle-Capillary Exchange:
- Oxygen moves from blood to muscle tissue.
- Carbon dioxide moves from muscle tissue to blood.
Alveoli Adaptations:
- Large surface area.
- Extensive blood supply with numerous capillaries.
- Thin, semi-permeable membrane (one cell thick).
Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-vO2 Difference):
- Defines the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood.
- Indicates the amount of oxygen extracted by tissues.
- Increases during exercise due to greater oxygen extraction by muscles (larger diffusion gradient).
Long-Term Training Adaptations:
- Increased capillarization enhances oxygen extraction.
- Improved a-vO2 difference enhances performance.

Oxygen Transport

Oxygen Transport in Blood:
- 3% dissolved in plasma.
- 97% bound to haemoglobin (oxyhaemoglobin).
- Haemoglobin fully saturated when it binds four oxygen molecules.
Haemoglobin vs. Myoglobin:
- Haemoglobin: Carries oxygen to tissues (in red blood cells).
- Myoglobin: Stores oxygen for rapid use by muscles (in muscle tissue).

Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Bohr Shift)

During exercise curve shifts right enhancing oxygen release to muscles due to increased CO2, decreased pH, and increased temperature.

Redistribution of Blood During Exercise

Blood is redirected away from organs like the gut to working muscles, heart, and skin.
Maintains cognitive function with constant blood flow to the brain.
Mechanism of redistribution is triggered by increased CO2 and acidity, sensed by chemoreceptors.

Mechanics of Breathing

Expiration:
- Intercostal muscles relax.
- Diaphragm relaxes.
- Abdominals contract.
- Air is forced out.
Inspiration:
- External intercostals contract.
- Diaphragm contracts.
- Thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases.
- Air is drawn in.

Injuries

Acute Injuries:
- Occur suddenly after exercise (e.g., sprained ankle, torn ligament).
- Pain is felt immediately, often severe.
- Symptoms include sudden pain, swelling, restricted movement, etc.
Chronic Injuries:
- Develop slowly over time, (e.g., overuse).
- Often from repetitive movements.
- Symptoms include pain, discomfort during exercise, etc.
- Include problems like tendonitis, stress fractures.
Fractures:
- A break or crack in a bone.
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, deformity.
Strains:
- Overstretching or tearing of a muscle.
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, impaired movement.
Sprains:
- Overstretching or tearing of a ligament.
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, impaired movement.
Dislocations:
- Bone forced out of its socket.
- Symptoms include pain, impaired movement, visible deformity (out of place).

Treatment

Treatment involves manipulation (repositioning), splints, slings, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during exercise. This quiz highlights concepts such as the anticipatory rise in heart rate, gas exchange mechanisms, and adaptations of alveoli for efficient oxygen transfer. Prepare to deepen your understanding of how these systems cooperate during physical activity.