Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation?

Left ventricle (LV) → aorta → systemic arteries → arterioles → capillaries → systemic venules → veins → superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium (RA)

Right ventricle (RV) → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries → lungs → right and left pulmonary veins → left atrium (LA) (correct)

Left atrium (LA) → left ventricle (LV) → aorta → systemic arteries → arterioles → capillaries → systemic venules → veins → superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium (RA)

Right atrium (RA) → right ventricle (RV) → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries → lungs → right and left pulmonary veins → left atrium (LA)

What is the primary function of the tunica media in arteries?

Anchoring the vessel in place

Providing a smooth lining for blood flow

Transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart

Controlling blood pressure and flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilation (correct)

Which of the following correctly lists the layers of a blood vessel from the outermost to the innermost?

Tunica adventitia, tunica intima, tunica media

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima (correct)

Tunica media, tunica adventitia, tunica intima

Which statement accurately describes the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins because they withstand higher pressure from the heart. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation?

The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood, while the pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?

Return of interstitial fluid to circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a primary component of the lymphatic system?

Tonsils (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following trunks does NOT have a paired structure in the lymphatic system?

Intestinal trunk (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of red bone marrow in the skeletal system?

Production of formed elements (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which function of blood involves the stabilization of body temperature?

Homeostatic functions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic vessel drains the upper limb?

Subclavian trunks (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily transported by lymph?

Interstitial fluid (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone marrow can be converted back into red bone marrow if needed?

Yellow bone marrow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant function of blood related to injury?

Reduction of fluid losses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where is spongy bone primarily found in adults?

Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and iliac bone (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the role of iron in red blood cell production is incorrect?

Iron is primarily stored in the spleen as ferritin. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is not a microcytic anemia?

Vitamin B12 deficiency (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the role of erythropoietin in red blood cell production is correct?

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of platelets?

Production of antibodies to fight infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the coagulation cascade is correct?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural anticoagulant produced by the body?

Factor VIII (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by an overproduction of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between plasma and serum?

Plasma contains clotting factors, while serum does not. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a bacterial infection?

The bacteria produce antibodies to fight the infection. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of B cells in adaptive immunity?

B cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Usually very aggressive with rapid progression (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of red blood cell production is incorrect?

Erythropoietin is produced by the liver in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the lifespan of different blood cells is incorrect?

White blood cells have a shorter lifespan than red blood cells, often only a few days. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the different types of leukocytes is incorrect?

Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell and are involved in the adaptive immune response. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the different types of immunoglobulins is incorrect?

IgE is involved in allergic reactions and is primarily found in the blood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Capillaries are the only avascular system in the body
The artery structure consists of tunica adventitia (connective tissue), tunica media (smooth tissue), and tunica intima (vascular endothelium)
The vein structure consists of tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima, but veins have a larger lumen
Pulmonary circulation moves blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, then back to the left atrium
Systemic circulation moves blood from the left ventricle to the body, then back to the right atrium
The great vessels include the brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and descending aorta on the left side.

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to circulation and provides immune protection.
It transports dietary fats.
Primary structures of the lymph system include the thymus, red bone marrow, tonsils, and lymph nodes (cervical, axillary, inguinal).
Spleen filters blood, containing lymphocytes
MALT is found in the small intestine.
Lymph flows into lymphatic capillaries, then lymphatic vessels, and eventually into the subclavian veins.

Skeletal System

Provides protection, support, leverage for movement, and storage for minerals.
Composed of collagen and calcium phosphate salts.
Bones store red and yellow bone marrow
Red marrow produces red blood cells, and yellow marrow is inactive red marrow which can be reactivated if needed.

Blood

Specialized connective tissue
Transports substances (nutrients, vitamins, minerals, oxygen, hormones)
Regulates pH, ions, fluid loss upon injury, defence against toxins and pathogens.
Regulates body temperature
Adult males have 5-6 liters of blood and females 4-5 liters
Blood pH is 7.4

Blood Components

Plasma components include water, plasma proteins, and other solutes.
Forme elements in blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are responsible for oxygen transport (live 120 days); white blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the immune system (live longer); and thrombocytes are involved in clotting.

Hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation.
Begins with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
Development follows myeloid or lymphoid lines, depending on the cell type.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
This regulates RBC production in the bone marrow

RBC Disorders

Polycythemia is excess RBCs.
Anemia is deficiency in RBCs, due to decreased production, increased destruction, or blood loss.
Deficiency in iron/B12/folate leads to microcytic or macrocytic anemia

Blood Cell Disorders

Thalassemia: low synthesis of alpha/beta hemoglobin chains
G6PD deficiency: related to oxidative stress and hemolysis- X-recessive
Sickle cell disease: autosomal recessive, abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped
Anemia disorders are related to macrocytic or microcytic cells, along with evidence of haemolysis

WBC Disorders

Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count
Leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count
Leukemia and lymphoma are malignancies arising from bone marrow/lymphoid tissue (respectively), resulting in high abnormal white blood cell counts.

Phagocytosis

Cells engulf microbes and other foreign substances.
Monocytes mature to macrophages in tissue and also phagocytize.
Neutrophils also respond immediately.

Lymphocytes

20-30% of circulating WBCs
Include T cells (cell-mediated immunity), B cells (antibody-mediated immunity), and Natural Killer cells.
Develop in bone marrow, thymus, and lymphoid tissue.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in clotting
Formed in bone marrow from megakaryocytes.
Release granules with factors needed in clot formation and removal of clots
Thrombocytosis is excessive platelet production

Clotting Disorders

Conditions that cause abnormal blood clotting or failure to clot when needed

Endothelial Effects

Endothelial cells line blood vessels.
They can prevent blood clotting through smooth surface and protein production
Damage causes loss of this effect, allowing clotting to occur

Immunity

Innate immunity provides first-line defence against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites).
Adaptive immunity develops a specific immune response to pathogens.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, including the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Learn about pulmonary and systemic circulation, as well as the key components of the lymphatic system. This quiz is ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.