Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which chamber of the heart is primarily located at the sternocostal surface?

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle (correct)

Right Atrium

Left Ventricle

What is the primary function of the AV valves?

Separate the atria from the pulmonary arteries

Prevent regurgitation from ventricles into atria (correct)

Increase pressure in the ventricles

Allow blood flow in both directions

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four valves closed?

Atrial systole/ventricular diastole

Isovolumetric ventricular systole (correct)

Passive ventricular filling

Ventricular ejection

Which of the following describes the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

Right, left, and anterior cusps Signup and view all the answers

Where is the tricuspid valve best auscultated?

Right half of the lower end of the sternum Signup and view all the answers

In which region does the heart primarily project?

Anterior, superior, and to the left Signup and view all the answers

What effect does acetylcholine have on heart rate when stimulated parasympathetically?

Decreases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of stenosis in heart valves?

An area less than 1 cm^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean pressure in the right atrium (RA)?

4 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are responsible for the afferent pathways of baroreceptor reflexes?

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus (CN X) Signup and view all the answers

Which valves open during the active ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

Aortic and Pulmonic valves Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Bainbridge reflex in cardiovascular regulation?

Increases heart rate with increased stretch in the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located posteriorly to the heart?

Left Atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the mitral valve from the tricuspid valve?

Has anterior and posterior leaflets Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to rapid filling of the ventricles?

Passive ventricular filling Signup and view all the answers

When do the AV valves open and close?

In response to pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Valsalva Maneuver have on venous return when the glottis is closed?

Decreases venous return Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily involved in the rapid depolarization phase (Phase 0) of the ventricular myocyte action potential?

Sodium (Na) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Phase 2 of the ventricular myocyte action potential?

Plateau phase with calcium in and potassium out Signup and view all the answers

Which band of the sarcomere shortens during muscle contraction?

H Band Signup and view all the answers

Which phase corresponds to spontaneous depolarization in the SA nodal action potential?

Phase 4 Signup and view all the answers

What structure is described as the functional unit of contraction in cardiac muscle?

Sarcomere Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion responsible for contraction in cardiac myocytes?

Calcium (Ca) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the ventricular myocyte action potential does rapid repolarization occur?

Phase 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during systole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes ejection fraction?

The ratio of stroke volume to end-diastolic volume Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal ejection fraction range between?

52-72% Signup and view all the answers

Which neurohumoral changes occur with a failing heart?

Increased angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

Facilitates blood flow between the atria Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

It becomes a fibrous ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding fetal circulation?

Oxygenated blood reaches the fetal brain via the umbilical vein Signup and view all the answers

What happens to systemic vascular resistance (SVR) after the umbilical cord is clamped at birth?

It increases dramatically Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?

To protect the heart and prevent overdistension Signup and view all the answers

How does the myocardium of the left ventricle differ from that of the right ventricle?

The left ventricular myocardium is three times thicker than the right ventricular myocardium Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is directly connected to the myocardium?

Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of conductive muscle in the heart?

It comprises structures like the SA node and Purkinje fibers Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pericardial cavity' refer to?

The space between the fibrous and serous pericardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?

To surround the heart valves and support muscle mass separation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the right ventricle's shape and function?

It is crescent-shaped and moves like a bellows Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is typically found in the pericardial cavity, and what is its function?

Serous fluid; to reduce friction between heart layers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of fetal shunts closing after birth?

Changes in heart position and size of the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following congenital heart defects is classified as one that decreases pulmonary blood flow?

Tetralogy of Fallot Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an obstructive lesion in congenital heart defects?

It completely prohibits blood flow out of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defects is associated with Eisenmenger syndrome?

Atrial septal defect Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic or prenatal factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects?

Consuming a high-protein diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathway for blood flow in infants after the closure of fetal shunts?

Follows the same pathway as in adults. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding lesions that increase pulmonary blood flow?

They lead to pulmonary congestion and cyanosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital heart defect could lead to a mixed lesion due to its nature?

Truncus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

The heart is roughly cone-shaped, about 2/3 the size of a clenched fist, located anterior, superior, and to the left of the midline in the mediastinum (between T5-T8).
Heart surfaces include sternocostal (anterior), diaphragmatic (inferior), and base (posterior).
Heart valves are best auscultated in specific locations:
- Pulmonary valve: second intercostal space, left sternal border
- Aortic valve: second intercostal space, right sternal border
- Mitral valve: apex or PMI; 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
- Tricuspid valve: right half of the lower end of the sternum

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle has five phases:
- Phase 1: Atrial systole/ventricular diastole (fast and slow filling)
- Phase 2: Isovolumetric ventricular systole (all four valves closed)
- Phase 3: Ventricular ejection (aortic and pulmonic valves open)
- Phase 4: Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (aortic and pulmonic valves close)
- Phase 5: Passive ventricular filling (mitral and tricuspid valves open)
Valves open and close in response to pressure changes during the cycle.

Cardiac Pressures

Normal cardiac pressures include:
- RA: 4 mmHg (range 0-8 mmHg)
- RVESP: 24 mmHg (range 15-28 mmHg)
- RVEDP: 4 mmHg (range 0-8 mmHg)
- LA: 7 mmHg (range 4-12 mmHg)
- LVESP: 130 mmHg (range 90-140 mmHg)
- LVEDP: 7 mmHg (range 4-12 mmHg)

Heart Wall Layers

The heart wall consists of fibrous pericardium (protective), serous pericardium (reduces friction), epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (muscular layer), and endocardium (inner layer).
Atrial, ventricular, and conduction muscles have different properties. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle.

Coronary Circulation

Coronary blood flow is crucial for myocardial oxygenation. Coronary blood flow is highest during diastole (80-90%) of the cardiac cycle.

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Description

Explore the structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. This quiz will guide you through the anatomy of the heart and the phases of the cardiac cycle, highlighting essential features such as heart valve locations and the significance of each cycle phase.