Cardiovascular Infections Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main pathogen responsible for African Sleeping Sickness?

Cryptococcus neoformans

Naegleria fowleri

Trypanosoma brucei (correct)

Rabies virus

Which treatment is effective for Cryptococcal Meningitis?

Eflornithine

Amphotericin B (correct)

Flucytosine (correct)

Viral antivirals

What common symptom characterizes Rabies in its initial stages?

Fever and malaise (correct)

Rash and swollen joints

Loss of vision

Severe abdominal pain

Which of the following statements about arboviral encephalitis is false?

It primarily affects the respiratory system. Signup and view all the answers

How does Naegleria fowleri usually enter the human body?

Inhalation of contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of Lyme Disease?

Hard ticks Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is associated with Infectious Mononucleosis?

HHV-4 Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with Yellow Fever?

Joint pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding Dengue Fever?

Reinfection can lead to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Malaria is true?

Cyclical fever and chills are common symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of B lymphocytes infected by the pathogen of Infectious Mononucleosis?

They are suppressed but remain functional. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of treatment for Yellow Fever?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which intermediate symptom phase is seen in Dengue Fever before the severe symptoms appear?

Remission phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector responsible for malaria transmission?

Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to the virulence of falciparum malaria?

Toxins and adhesins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is typically used for malaria?

Standard anti-malarials or combinations Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of malaria does schizogony occur in the liver?

Exoerythrocytic phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Toxoplasmosis?

Asymptomatic in 80% of cases Signup and view all the answers

What route can Toxoplasma gondii infect an individual?

Ingestion of undercooked meat Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of trapped eggs from Schistosomiasis?

Calcification leading to splenomegaly and heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a condition associated with Chagas’ disease?

Irregular heartbeat and congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular & CNS Infections

Cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Lymphatic system plays a role.
Blood is pumped by the heart through blood vessels.

Structures of the Cardiovascular System

Key components are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
The lymphatic system is involved.
The heart pumps blood, which is transported through vessels that return blood to the heart.

Structure of the Heart

The heart's structure includes atria, valves, major vessels, and blood flow.
The heart wall has three layers.

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system begins when interstitial fluid is picked up from capillaries.
It contains permeable capillaries, nodes, lymphatic capillaries, blood, and arterioles.
Lymphocytes and macrophages are contained in lymph nodes.

Bacterial Cardiovascular Diseases

Septicemia involves fever, chills, vomiting, shortness of breath, and malaise.
Can progress to septic shock.
Pathogens include opportunistic normal microbiota and nosocomial organisms.
Gram-negative bacteria (like P. aeruginosa, N. meningitidis, and E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (like S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes).
Symptoms include petechiae, Red streaks, and inflamed lymph vessels visible under skin.
Pathogenesis: Endotoxins (Lipid A) and Blood clotting reactions.
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention involve signs/symptoms analysis, culture, prompt diagnosis, antimicrobial drugs, and intravenous fluid replacement.

Bacterial Cardiovascular Diseases -- Endocarditis

Inflammation of the heart's inner lining (endocardium)
Symptoms include inflammation, irregular heartbeat, blood clots, and destruction of heart valves.
Opportunistic pathogens like viridans streptococci can cause endocarditis.
Treatment involves antibacterial drugs.

Bacterial Cardiovascular Diseases -- Tularemia

Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative bacteria, is the cause..
Diseases include lesions, pus-filled lymph nodes, and lymphangitis.
Virulence factors are pili, capsule, and endotoxin.
Transmission occurs via biting arthropods, inhalation, and ingestion.
Treatment includes non-β-lactam drugs and an attenuated vaccine.

Bacterial Cardiovascular Diseases -- Plague

Yersinia pestis is the pathogen.
Transmission by flea bites, blood/lymph spread, and direct contact.
Bubonic (50% untreated cases) and pneumonic plague (100% untreated cases).
Treatment includes antibiotics.

Bacterial Cardiovascular Diseases - Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi is the pathogen, it infects via hard ticks.
Symptoms include expanding red rash, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, neurological issues, and severe arthritis.
Ticks have 3 stages: larval, nymph, and adult.
The pathogen uses manganese instead of iron
Treatment involves antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Viral Cardiovascular Diseases -- Infectious Mononucleosis

Caused by HHV-4.
Symptoms include sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and fatigue.
Transmission is via saliva.
Pathogenesis involves infected throat/salivary glands entering the blood and infecting lymphocytes, suppressing apoptosis.

Viral Cardiovascular Diseases -- Yellow Fever

Caused by flavivirus.
Symptoms include early stage, remission, and severe stage (delirium, coma, liver/kidney/heart degeneration, massive hemorrhaging, and high fever).
Treatment is no treatment, vaccine.

Viral Cardiovascular Diseases -- Dengue Fever

Caused by multiple dengue viruses.
Has two phases (24 hours), fever, and edema.
Implicated illness causes life-long immunity, and reinfection can occur.
Treatment includes no treatment, vaccine.

Viral Cardiovascular Diseases -- African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Ebola (2-21 days), Marburg (5-10 days) are caused by different viruses.
Symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, muscle pain, minor petechiae, hemorrhaging, and death.
Pathogenesis involves blood-clotting system malfunction.
Treatment involves replacing fluids, electrolytes, and blood.

Protozoan Cardiovascular Diseases - Malaria

Caused by Plasmodium (P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparum).
Symptoms: cyclical fever and chills, diarrhea, headache, anemia, weakness, fatigue, and jaundice
Virulence factors: adhesins, toxins, enzymes, and altered body chemistry, including hemoglobin mutations.
Treatment with standard anti-malarials or combinations for resistant cases.

Protozoan Cardiovascular Diseases - Toxoplasmosis

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Most cases are asymptomatic.
Symptoms include fever, headache, inflammation of lungs/liver/heart, confusion, paralysis, blindness, encephalitis, or even death.
Dangers include transplacental transfer.
Transmission occurs by ingesting undercooked meat or contaminated soil.
Treatment includes sulfonamides and clindamycin.

Protozoan Cardiovascular Diseases - Chagas' Disease

Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
Symptoms include swelling, fatigue, fever, swollen lymph nodes, irregular heartbeats possibly leading to congestive heart failure.
Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected kissing bug.
Pathogenesis primarily targets macrophages and cardiac muscle.

Helminthic Cardiovascular Disease – Schistosomiasis

Caused by blood flukes.
Pathogenesis involves larvae entering the body, females laying eggs in vessel walls, granulomas forming from dying eggs, splenomegaly, and heart failure or bladder cancer.
Treatment is Praziquantel, and a vaccine may be possible.

Structure of the Nervous System

Comprises the brain and spinal cord, Central Nervous System (CNS), and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem; nerves; brain and spinal cord; tightly interconnected blood vessels; and nerve cells/neurons.
Blood supply is on top of the pia mater and has tightly joined cells.
Nerves originate from the brain called cranial nerves.
Nerves originate from the spinal cord called spinal nerves.
Three types of nerves: sensory, motor, and mixed.

Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System -- Meningitis

Characterized by increased WBC, high fever, and inflammation.
Meningitis causes swelling, slow flow, and cranial/spinal pressure.
Encephalitis involves brain infection causing deafness, blindness, behavioural changes, coma, and death.
Bacterial meningitis diagnosis involves spinal tap – Gram stain and petechiae checks.
Pathogens include opportunistic microbiota; Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Some are also from the birth canal or contaminated food and drink.
Listeria monocytogenes is linked to contaminated food/beverage causing bacteremia and meningitis.
Treatment includes antibiotics and various treatments according to the specific pathogen.

Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System - Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
Symptoms either include strong T cell response (lost sensation) or weak T cell response (destroyed tissues)
Bacteria reproduce in nerve endings, mucous membranes, and skin.
Transmission occurs through person-person contact and breaks in the skin.
30°C is ideal temperature
Treatment includes multidrug regimens.

Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System - Botulism

Caused by Clostridium botulinum (intoxication).
Symptoms include weak, dizzy, blurred vision, and paralysis.
Endospores
Bacterial growth
Incubation >4 d
Toxin in food is crucial, and treatment is Botulism immunoglobulin and antimicrobial drugs.

Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System - Tetanus

Caused by Clostridium tetani.
Symptoms include initial signs, spasms, contractions, and death.
Release of toxins affect the nervous system, blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, thus causing muscle spasms.
Treatment involves passive immunotherapy, antimicrobials, and active immunization.

Viral Diseases of the Nervous System - Viral Meningitis

Pathogenesis involves fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, Coxsackie A and B echovirus, being contagious, and ingested..
Treatment includes rest, fluids and medicines for reducing fever/headache.

Viral Diseases of the Nervous System - Poliomyelitis

Caused by Poliovirus, infecting pharyngeal and intestinal cells.
Stages include asymptomatic, minor, non-paralytic, and paralytic polio.
Poliovirus is stable outside the body; viremia infects/destroys CNS.
Treatment involves no specific treatment; eradication is possible through vaccination programs.

Viral Diseases of the Nervous System - Rabies

Caused by the rabies virus
Symptoms include initial pain, fever, malaise, infecting CNS leading to death.
Rabies virus travels through skeletal muscles to the CNS.
Transmission is via animal bite.

Viral Diseases of the Nervous System - Arboviral Encephalitis

Arthropod-borne viruses cause mild cold-like symptoms that can occasionally cross the blood-brain barrier.
West Nile Encephalitis (WNE) is a specific example with mosquito transmission (passed from infected mosquitos to offspring).
Transmission includes blood transfusion and transplantation.

Mycoses of the Nervous System – Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcus neoformans is the fungus.
Symptoms are common signs impacting lungs moving to the brain causing loss of vision and coma.
It's found in soil/bird feces/plant sap.
Treatment is Amphotericin B.

Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System – African Sleeping Sickness

Caused by Trypanosoma brucei.
Progression includes months to years.
Symptoms include lesions, necrotic tissue, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, and invasion of the CNS.
Randomly changes antigens when replicates.
Treatment is Eflornithine (blocks proliferation).

Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System - Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy

Caused by Naegleria fowleri.
A dangerous amoeba commonly found in ponds, puddles, moist soil, and pools.
The amoeba enters the body through cuts/scrapes/inhalations, migrates to the brain, producing cysts.
Treatment includes antibiotics.

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Description

Explore the intricate workings of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, alongside the structures of the heart. This quiz also delves into bacterial cardiovascular diseases and their symptoms. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in human physiology and pathology.