Podcast
Questions and Answers
What carbohydrate is formed by the hydrolysis of sucrose?
What carbohydrate is formed by the hydrolysis of sucrose?
Which of the following statements about oligosaccharides is accurate?
Which of the following statements about oligosaccharides is accurate?
Lactose intolerance is primarily due to a deficiency in which enzyme?
Lactose intolerance is primarily due to a deficiency in which enzyme?
What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
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Polysaccharides can be classified into which of the following categories?
Polysaccharides can be classified into which of the following categories?
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What are glycolipids and glycoproteins primarily composed of?
What are glycolipids and glycoproteins primarily composed of?
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Which of the following best describes the linkage in sucrose?
Which of the following best describes the linkage in sucrose?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
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What role do oligosaccharides play on the cell surface?
What role do oligosaccharides play on the cell surface?
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What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?
What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?
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Which disaccharide is formed from galactose and glucose through a β1,4 galactosidic linkage?
Which disaccharide is formed from galactose and glucose through a β1,4 galactosidic linkage?
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What enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing maltose into D-glucose?
What enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing maltose into D-glucose?
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Which polysaccharide is predominantly hydrolyzed by amylase during starch digestion?
Which polysaccharide is predominantly hydrolyzed by amylase during starch digestion?
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Which linkage is present in the formation of sucrose?
Which linkage is present in the formation of sucrose?
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Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a reducing sugar?
Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a reducing sugar?
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Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as table sugar?
Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as table sugar?
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What type of polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
What type of polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
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What is the main component of cell walls in plants, which is a type of polysaccharide?
What is the main component of cell walls in plants, which is a type of polysaccharide?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of non-reducing disaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of non-reducing disaccharides?
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What distinguishes oligosaccharides from disaccharides?
What distinguishes oligosaccharides from disaccharides?
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What is the primary function of glycogen in the liver?
What is the primary function of glycogen in the liver?
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Which of the following correctly describes cellulose?
Which of the following correctly describes cellulose?
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Which polysaccharide is primarily found in skeletal muscles and the liver?
Which polysaccharide is primarily found in skeletal muscles and the liver?
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What type of linkages are found in cellulose?
What type of linkages are found in cellulose?
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What is the main role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
What is the main role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
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Which source primarily provides starch in the diet?
Which source primarily provides starch in the diet?
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How does the presence of cellulose in the diet benefit digestion?
How does the presence of cellulose in the diet benefit digestion?
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Heteropolysaccharides are defined as polysaccharides formed of:
Heteropolysaccharides are defined as polysaccharides formed of:
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What type of carbohydrate is primarily stored for energy in muscles?
What type of carbohydrate is primarily stored for energy in muscles?
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Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing starch in the digestive system?
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing starch in the digestive system?
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Which carbohydrate, when hydrolyzed, results in galactose units?
Which carbohydrate, when hydrolyzed, results in galactose units?
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What type of polysaccharide is primarily stored in animal tissues?
What type of polysaccharide is primarily stored in animal tissues?
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Which of the following is not classified as a homopolysaccharide?
Which of the following is not classified as a homopolysaccharide?
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Which compound consists of more than 10 sugar units?
Which compound consists of more than 10 sugar units?
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Which of the following choices represents a reducing disaccharide?
Which of the following choices represents a reducing disaccharide?
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What is the primary structural role of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary structural role of cellulose in plants?
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Which of the following is characteristic of non-reducing sugars?
Which of the following is characteristic of non-reducing sugars?
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Which carbohydrate serves as a significant energy source in plants?
Which carbohydrate serves as a significant energy source in plants?
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Which statement is true regarding disaccharides?
Which statement is true regarding disaccharides?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Academic Year: 2024-2025
- Year: 1
- Semester: 1
- Module: Human Body Function (HBF) 102
Carbohydrate Chemistry II
- Lecturer: Dr. Sara Sayed Kadry Abdallah
- Department: Medical Biochemistry & molecular biology, faculty of medicine, Cairo university
Objectives
- Define and Classify disaccharides
- Recognize the significance of different types of disaccharides
- Define and recognize the significance of oligosaccharides
- Correlate knowledge to a clinical situation
- Identify the different types of Polysaccharides
- Recognize the functional significance of the different types of Polysaccharides
- List the properties and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Introduction - Disaccharides
- Definition: Two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic linkage
- Classification:
- Reducing disaccharides (lactose, maltose)
- Non-reducing disaccharides (sucrose)
Introduction - Lactose
- Lactose is also called milk sugar
- Formed from galactose and glucose linked by a β1,4-galactosidic linkage
- Hydrolyzed by lactase enzyme or by acids into D-glucose and D-galactose
Introduction - Maltose
- Maltose is called malt sugar
- Formed from two glucose molecules linked by an α1,4-glucosidic linkage
- Product of starch digestion by amylase
- Hydrolyzed by maltase enzyme or by acids into two D-glucose molecules
Introduction - Sucrose
- Sucrose is also called table sugar
- Found in sugar cane, beets, and some fruits
- Formed from glucose and fructose linked by an α1,2-glucosidic linkage
- Both anomeric carbons are involved in the linkage, thus it is non-reducing
- Hydrolyzed by sucrase enzyme into 2 molecules of glucose
Introduction - Oligosaccharides
- Definition: Carbohydrates containing two or more monosaccharides (2-10 units)
- Significance: Linked to lipids or proteins (forming glycolipids and glycoproteins) on cell surfaces; involved in cell recognition and adhesion
Introduction - Clinical Correlation - Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose intolerance occurs when the small intestine does not produce enough lactase (an enzyme that digests lactose)
- Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
- Infants with lactose intolerance require lactose-free milk
Introduction - Polysaccharides
- Definition: Carbohydrates composed of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds
- Classification:
- Homopolysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
- Heteropolysaccharides (GAGs)
Introduction - Homopolysaccharides - Starch
- Starch is a homopolysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by glycosidic bonds
- Chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants
- Found in cereals, tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes), and legumes
- Hydrolyzed by amylase in the digestive system
Introduction - Homopolysaccharides - Glycogen
- Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals
- Found primarily in skeletal muscle and liver
- Liver glycogen maintains blood glucose levels
- Muscle glycogen provides energy for contracting muscle
Introduction - Homopolysaccharides - Cellulose
- Cellulose forms the principal part of plant cell walls
- Long, non-branched chain of β-glucose units linked by β1,4-glucosidic linkages
- Not digestible by human amylase
- Provides bulk in the diet, stimulating intestinal contractions and preventing constipation
Introduction - Heteropolysaccharides- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Polysaccharides formed from more than one type of monosaccharide
- GAGs are long, unbranched chains of repeating disaccharide units, typically containing an amino sugar and a uronic acid
- Located in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated with other extracellular proteins
Interactive Questions
- (Question 1): The correct answer is Lactose
- (Question 2): The correct answer is Glycogen
- (Question 3): The correct answer is GAGs
Summary
- Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed from two sugar units
- Disaccharides are classified as reducing or non-reducing
- Polysaccharides are formed from more than 10 sugar units
- Important homopolysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrates with this quiz covering their hydrolysis, storage, and functional roles in biology. Explore questions about oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lactose intolerance, among other topics. Ideal for students studying biochemistry or nutrition.
