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Questions and Answers
What type of carbohydrate consists of 3-10 monosaccharide units?
What type of carbohydrate consists of 3-10 monosaccharide units?
Which carbohydrate is also known as milk sugar?
Which carbohydrate is also known as milk sugar?
Which monosaccharide is considered the sweetest tasting sugar?
Which monosaccharide is considered the sweetest tasting sugar?
What is the primary carbohydrate storage form in human cells?
What is the primary carbohydrate storage form in human cells?
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Which of the following carbohydrates is a structural component of plant cell walls?
Which of the following carbohydrates is a structural component of plant cell walls?
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What happens when sucrose undergoes hydrolysis?
What happens when sucrose undergoes hydrolysis?
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Which carbohydrate serves as a chemical marker for blood types?
Which carbohydrate serves as a chemical marker for blood types?
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Which carbohydrate is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
Which carbohydrate is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
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What is the main function of cellulose in the human diet?
What is the main function of cellulose in the human diet?
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Which carbohydrate is primarily synthesized in the mammary gland?
Which carbohydrate is primarily synthesized in the mammary gland?
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What is the typical ratio of β-hydroxybutyric acid to acetoacetate in complications?
What is the typical ratio of β-hydroxybutyric acid to acetoacetate in complications?
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Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus?
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What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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What condition is associated with a history of delivering babies over 9 lbs?
What condition is associated with a history of delivering babies over 9 lbs?
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What is a common non-modifiable risk factor for developing diabetes?
What is a common non-modifiable risk factor for developing diabetes?
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Which of the following best describes the need for episodic insulin replacement?
Which of the following best describes the need for episodic insulin replacement?
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Which type of diabetes is characterized by having no known etiology and strong inheritance patterns?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by having no known etiology and strong inheritance patterns?
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What conditions must be met for a diagnosis of hypoglycemia?
What conditions must be met for a diagnosis of hypoglycemia?
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What role does Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) play in the body?
What role does Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) play in the body?
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What is a common consequence of prolonged diabetes mellitus?
What is a common consequence of prolonged diabetes mellitus?
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In the context of energy production, what happens during ketosis?
In the context of energy production, what happens during ketosis?
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What is a significant laboratory measure related to hypoglycemia?
What is a significant laboratory measure related to hypoglycemia?
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What does glycogenolysis refer to?
What does glycogenolysis refer to?
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What is often observed in individuals suffering from severe uncontrolled diabetes?
What is often observed in individuals suffering from severe uncontrolled diabetes?
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What metabolic imbalance occurs leading to increased glycogenolysis in hypoglycemia?
What metabolic imbalance occurs leading to increased glycogenolysis in hypoglycemia?
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What is the recommended time frame for screening for gestational diabetes?
What is the recommended time frame for screening for gestational diabetes?
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What indicates a need for a full diagnostic glucose tolerance test during the glucose challenge test?
What indicates a need for a full diagnostic glucose tolerance test during the glucose challenge test?
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Which glucose level is considered a diagnostic criterion for fasting blood sugar (FBS) in OGTT?
Which glucose level is considered a diagnostic criterion for fasting blood sugar (FBS) in OGTT?
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In the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), what is the amount of glucose given to the patient?
In the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), what is the amount of glucose given to the patient?
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What does a 2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2-Hour PPBS) measurement assess?
What does a 2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2-Hour PPBS) measurement assess?
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What is the fasting requirement for conducting an FBS test?
What is the fasting requirement for conducting an FBS test?
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What is the purpose of the Janey-Isaacson Method in diabetes testing?
What is the purpose of the Janey-Isaacson Method in diabetes testing?
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What is the most common deficiency leading to galactosemia?
What is the most common deficiency leading to galactosemia?
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Which of the following statements about the Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test (IVGTT) is true?
Which of the following statements about the Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test (IVGTT) is true?
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What symptoms do infants with galactosemia typically exhibit after consuming lactose?
What symptoms do infants with galactosemia typically exhibit after consuming lactose?
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Which method is NOT mentioned as a testing method for carbohydrate metabolism disorders?
Which method is NOT mentioned as a testing method for carbohydrate metabolism disorders?
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Which enzyme deficiency is associated with hereditary fructose intolerance?
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with hereditary fructose intolerance?
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Fructosamine testing reflects short-term control of which biomarker?
Fructosamine testing reflects short-term control of which biomarker?
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Which of the following conditions is included in the inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism?
Which of the following conditions is included in the inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism?
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Which test is NOT routinely used for monitoring diabetes mellitus?
Which test is NOT routinely used for monitoring diabetes mellitus?
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Which condition is characterized by the absence of an enzyme that converts galactose to glucose?
Which condition is characterized by the absence of an enzyme that converts galactose to glucose?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Two classes of carbohydrates: simple and compound.
- Simple carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides because they contain a single sugar unit.
- Compound carbohydrates include disaccharides (two sugar units), oligosaccharides (3-10 sugar units), and polysaccharides (more than 10 units).
- Glucose is considered the most important monosaccharide for human nutritional needs.
- Fructose is also known as fruit sugar.
- Fructose is formed from the breakdown of sucrose and glucose.
- Galactose is a component of glycoprotein found in the brain and nerve tissues.
- Galactose is a component of milk sugar.
- Galactose is used as a chemical marker to distinguish between different blood types.
- Sucrose is also known as common table sugar.
- Sucrose is obtained from sugar canes and beets.
- Lactose is also known as milk sugar.
- Lactose is found in dairy products.
- Maltose is also known as malt sugar.
- Maltose is found in cereals and wheat.
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide similar in structure to amylopectin.
- Liver and muscle cells store glycogen in humans.
- Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls.
- Cellulose shares a structure similar to amylose.
- Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is not digestible by humans.
- Cellulose provides proper intestinal functioning due to its high concentration of plant fibers.
Glucose Metabolism
- Blood glucose levels are regulated by various metabolic processes.
- Hypoglycemia refers to low blood glucose levels.
- Hypoglycemia is caused by an imbalance between glucose utilization and production.
- Hypoglycemia promotes glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) and glycolysis (glucose catabolism).
Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complication that develops rapidly (acute) over time (chronic).
- DM complications affect various organ systems and can dramatically impair quality of life.
- DM complications are less common and severe when blood sugar levels are well-controlled.
- Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and lack of regular exercise.
- Non-modifiable risk factors include genetics, age, and gender.
Classifications of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by the pancreas failing to produce enough insulin.
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is due to genetics.
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance.
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is strongly inherited and does not involve beta cell autoantibodies.
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed during pregnancy.
- Other types of diabetes mellitus are associated with secondary conditions, such as genetic defects in beta cell functioning, changes during pregnancy, and endocrine dysfunctions.
Methods for Quantification of Blood Glucose
- RBS (Random Blood Sugar) - used for patients presenting with insulin shock or hyperglycemia.
- FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)- requires patients to not eat or drink for at least 8-10 hours before the test.
- 2-Hour PPBS (2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar) - a standardized glucose load of 75g is given to patients and a glucose measurement is taken two hours after.
- OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) - a standardized glucose load is given, and glucose measurements are taken at different intervals.
- IVGTT (Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test) - used for patients with gastrointestinal disorders.
Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Galactosemia is a deficiency in the enzymes galactokinase, galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, or uridyl diphosphate glucose 4-epimerase.
- The most common deficiency in galactosemia is galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase leading to excessive galactose in the blood and excretion in urine.
- Infants with galactosemia develop diarrhea and vomiting within days of consuming milk or formula containing lactose.
Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus
- Family history of diabetes in a first-degree relative.
- Membership in a high-risk minority population: African, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American.
- History of GDM or delivering babies >9 lbs.
- Hypertension (>140/90).
- Low HDL (<500mg/dL).
- Obesity.
- History of gestational diabetes.
Tests for Diabetes Mellitus
- Blood tests to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, and random blood sugar (RBS).
- Microalbuminuria tests.
- Glucose challenge test using 50g glucose.
- 3-Hour GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test) using 100g glucose.
Fructosamine
- Fructosamine is also known as glycosylated albumin, glycated albumin, or plasma protein ketoamine.
- Fructosamine provides information about short-term (2-3 weeks) glucose control.
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Description
This quiz explores the two main classes of carbohydrates: simple and compound. It delves into the various types of each class, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with important examples like glucose and sucrose. Test your knowledge on their structures and functions in human nutrition.