Carbohydrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of carbohydrate consists of 3-10 monosaccharide units?

  • Polysaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides (correct)
  • Monosaccharides

    • Which carbohydrate is also known as milk sugar?

  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Galactose
  • Lactose (correct)

    • Which monosaccharide is considered the sweetest tasting sugar?

  • Galactose
  • Sucrose
  • Fructose (correct)
  • Glucose

    • What is the primary carbohydrate storage form in human cells?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates is a structural component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when sucrose undergoes hydrolysis?

    <p>It produces glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate serves as a chemical marker for blood types?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is classified as a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cellulose in the human diet?

    <p>Aids digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is primarily synthesized in the mammary gland?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical ratio of β-hydroxybutyric acid to acetoacetate in complications?

    <p>2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Failure of pancreas to produce insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a history of delivering babies over 9 lbs?

    <p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common non-modifiable risk factor for developing diabetes?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the need for episodic insulin replacement?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by having no known etiology and strong inheritance patterns?

    <p>Other types of Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions must be met for a diagnosis of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Presence of symptoms associated with hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) play in the body?

    <p>Stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of prolonged diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Development of chronic complications affecting multiple organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of energy production, what happens during ketosis?

    <p>Increased utilization of stored fat for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant laboratory measure related to hypoglycemia?

    <p>Low plasma glucose measured during symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glycogenolysis refer to?

    <p>The breakdown of glycogen into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often observed in individuals suffering from severe uncontrolled diabetes?

    <p>Presence of elevated ketone bodies in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic imbalance occurs leading to increased glycogenolysis in hypoglycemia?

    <p>Imbalance between glucose utilization and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time frame for screening for gestational diabetes?

    <p>24 - 28 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a need for a full diagnostic glucose tolerance test during the glucose challenge test?

    <p>A plasma glucose concentration of 140mg/dL or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose level is considered a diagnostic criterion for fasting blood sugar (FBS) in OGTT?

    <p>≥95 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), what is the amount of glucose given to the patient?

    <p>75 g of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2-Hour PPBS) measurement assess?

    <p>The glucose response after consuming glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fasting requirement for conducting an FBS test?

    <p>8 to 10 hours of fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Janey-Isaacson Method in diabetes testing?

    <p>To administer a single glucose dose quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common deficiency leading to galactosemia?

    <p>Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test (IVGTT) is true?

    <p>It is used for patients with endocrine disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms do infants with galactosemia typically exhibit after consuming lactose?

    <p>Diarrhea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a testing method for carbohydrate metabolism disorders?

    <p>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme deficiency is associated with hereditary fructose intolerance?

    <p>Fructose 1-phosphate aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructosamine testing reflects short-term control of which biomarker?

    <p>Glycated albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is included in the inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is NOT routinely used for monitoring diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Urine glucose test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the absence of an enzyme that converts galactose to glucose?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Two classes of carbohydrates: simple and compound.
    • Simple carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides because they contain a single sugar unit.
    • Compound carbohydrates include disaccharides (two sugar units), oligosaccharides (3-10 sugar units), and polysaccharides (more than 10 units).
    • Glucose is considered the most important monosaccharide for human nutritional needs.
    • Fructose is also known as fruit sugar.
    • Fructose is formed from the breakdown of sucrose and glucose.
    • Galactose is a component of glycoprotein found in the brain and nerve tissues.
    • Galactose is a component of milk sugar.
    • Galactose is used as a chemical marker to distinguish between different blood types.
    • Sucrose is also known as common table sugar.
    • Sucrose is obtained from sugar canes and beets.
    • Lactose is also known as milk sugar.
    • Lactose is found in dairy products.
    • Maltose is also known as malt sugar.
    • Maltose is found in cereals and wheat.
    • Glycogen is a polysaccharide similar in structure to amylopectin.
    • Liver and muscle cells store glycogen in humans.
    • Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls.
    • Cellulose shares a structure similar to amylose.
    • Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is not digestible by humans.
    • Cellulose provides proper intestinal functioning due to its high concentration of plant fibers.

    Glucose Metabolism

    • Blood glucose levels are regulated by various metabolic processes.
    • Hypoglycemia refers to low blood glucose levels.
    • Hypoglycemia is caused by an imbalance between glucose utilization and production.
    • Hypoglycemia promotes glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) and glycolysis (glucose catabolism).

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complication that develops rapidly (acute) over time (chronic).
    • DM complications affect various organ systems and can dramatically impair quality of life.
    • DM complications are less common and severe when blood sugar levels are well-controlled.
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and lack of regular exercise.
    • Non-modifiable risk factors include genetics, age, and gender.

    Classifications of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by the pancreas failing to produce enough insulin.
    • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is due to genetics.
    • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance.
    • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is strongly inherited and does not involve beta cell autoantibodies.
    • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed during pregnancy.
    • Other types of diabetes mellitus are associated with secondary conditions, such as genetic defects in beta cell functioning, changes during pregnancy, and endocrine dysfunctions.

    Methods for Quantification of Blood Glucose

    • RBS (Random Blood Sugar) - used for patients presenting with insulin shock or hyperglycemia.
    • FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)- requires patients to not eat or drink for at least 8-10 hours before the test.
    • 2-Hour PPBS (2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar) - a standardized glucose load of 75g is given to patients and a glucose measurement is taken two hours after.
    • OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) - a standardized glucose load is given, and glucose measurements are taken at different intervals.
    • IVGTT (Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance Test) - used for patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

    Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Galactosemia is a deficiency in the enzymes galactokinase, galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, or uridyl diphosphate glucose 4-epimerase.
    • The most common deficiency in galactosemia is galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase leading to excessive galactose in the blood and excretion in urine.
    • Infants with galactosemia develop diarrhea and vomiting within days of consuming milk or formula containing lactose.

    Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus

    • Family history of diabetes in a first-degree relative.
    • Membership in a high-risk minority population: African, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American.
    • History of GDM or delivering babies >9 lbs.
    • Hypertension (>140/90).
    • Low HDL (<500mg/dL).
    • Obesity.
    • History of gestational diabetes.

    Tests for Diabetes Mellitus

    • Blood tests to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, and random blood sugar (RBS).
    • Microalbuminuria tests.
    • Glucose challenge test using 50g glucose.
    • 3-Hour GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test) using 100g glucose.

    Fructosamine

    • Fructosamine is also known as glycosylated albumin, glycated albumin, or plasma protein ketoamine.
    • Fructosamine provides information about short-term (2-3 weeks) glucose control.

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    Carbohydrates PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the two main classes of carbohydrates: simple and compound. It delves into the various types of each class, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with important examples like glucose and sucrose. Test your knowledge on their structures and functions in human nutrition.

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