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Questions and Answers
What term describes the abnormal and excessive growth of tissue?
What term describes the abnormal and excessive growth of tissue?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of neoplasms?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of neoplasms?
Which cellular process is an abnormal pattern of growth that can precede neoplasia?
Which cellular process is an abnormal pattern of growth that can precede neoplasia?
What does the cytoplasm of a cell contain?
What does the cytoplasm of a cell contain?
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In the context of cellular functions, which activity is NOT typically associated with cells?
In the context of cellular functions, which activity is NOT typically associated with cells?
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What defines the basic unit of all life forms?
What defines the basic unit of all life forms?
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What can cells acquire to carry out various functions?
What can cells acquire to carry out various functions?
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Which of these processes is characterized by uncoordinated growth compared to surrounding tissue?
Which of these processes is characterized by uncoordinated growth compared to surrounding tissue?
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What characterizes the growth of tumor cells compared to normal tissue?
What characterizes the growth of tumor cells compared to normal tissue?
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Which of the following describes a common presentation in a patient with potential leukemia, based on the clinical case?
Which of the following describes a common presentation in a patient with potential leukemia, based on the clinical case?
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What laboratory finding indicates a hypercellular bone marrow in the patient?
What laboratory finding indicates a hypercellular bone marrow in the patient?
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Which of the following provides a common hallmark of cancer?
Which of the following provides a common hallmark of cancer?
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What is implied by clonal evolution in the context of cancer?
What is implied by clonal evolution in the context of cancer?
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What might a patient with basophilia and eosinophilia suggest in terms of hematologic conditions?
What might a patient with basophilia and eosinophilia suggest in terms of hematologic conditions?
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Which statement is true regarding the role of p53 in tumorigenesis?
Which statement is true regarding the role of p53 in tumorigenesis?
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What type of cells shows an increased level in peripheral blood smears of the clinical case presented?
What type of cells shows an increased level in peripheral blood smears of the clinical case presented?
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What is the primary role of cells in multicellular organisms?
What is the primary role of cells in multicellular organisms?
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What distinguishes a tumor from other tissue swellings?
What distinguishes a tumor from other tissue swellings?
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How do tumors typically form in the body?
How do tumors typically form in the body?
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Which statement about cells' hereditary material is true?
Which statement about cells' hereditary material is true?
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What is a neoplasm?
What is a neoplasm?
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What happens to old cells in a normal cellular process?
What happens to old cells in a normal cellular process?
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What is the definition of a tumor?
What is the definition of a tumor?
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Which function is NOT performed by cells in living organisms?
Which function is NOT performed by cells in living organisms?
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Study Notes
Cell to Tumor Progression
- Cancer arises from a single cell and progresses through acquired genetic variability within the cell line
- Cancer cells have abnormal growth that persists even when the initial trigger is removed
- Cancer cells often undergo metaplasia or dysplasia before becoming a tumor
- A tumor is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue that has no function and a tendency towards unrestrained growth
- This uncontrolled growth differs from inflammatory or other swellings by the abnormal characteristics of the cells.
Causes of Death Worldwide (2021)
- Cardiovascular diseases (4.41 million)
- Cancer (2.52 million)
- Covid-19 (Close to 2 million)
- Chronic respiratory diseases (2.18 million)
- Digestive diseases (1.83 million)
- Dementia (1.95 million)
- Neonatal disorders (1.83 million)
- Diabetes (1.66 million)
- Kidney diseases (1.53 million)
- Road injuries (1.20 million)
- Diarrheal diseases (1.17 million)
- Tuberculosis (1.16 million)
- Malaria (748,000)
Cancer Worldwide Crude Death Rate by Type
- Lung, trachea, and bronchus (13.2 per 100,000)
- Colon and rectum (12.1 per 100,000)
- Stomach (8.5 per 100,000)
- Breast (6.8 per 100,000)
- Esophageal (6.4 per 100,000)
- Pancreas (6.1 per 100,000)
- Liver (5.5 per 100,000)
- Prostate (5.3 per 100,000)
- Leukemia (4.1 per 100,000)
- Cervical (3.8 per 100,000)
- Note: Crude death rates are not adjusted for age.
Cancer Crude Death Rate per 100,000 in Portugal
- Lung, trachea, and bronchus (44.6)
- Colon and rectum (44.2)
- Stomach (32.7)
- Prostate (21.8)
- Breast (19.8)
- Pancreas (18.1)
- Liver (10.8)
- Leukemia (9.5)
- Esophageal (7.3)
- Cervical (3.4)
- Note: Crude death rates are not adjusted for age.
Cancer Death Rate by Age Group
- Different age groups have varying rates of death from all types of cancer, with much higher rates for older age groups (70+ years), and lower rates for the youngest age groups (0-14 years old). Note that some cancers such as non-melanoma skin cancers were excluded from data
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
- Characterised by the BCR-ABL1 gene fusion, specifically a translocation of chromosome 9 and 22.
- It is a cancer of the bone marrow cells
- The diagram shows the cell pathways in which BCR-ABL1 is involved.
p53: The Guardian of the Genome
- Crucial for cellular homeostasis; mutations in this gene are common in cancers
- p53 responds to DNA damage, stress, hypoxia, and other stimuli to induce apoptosis (cell death), cell cycle arrest, or DNA repair, in normal cells
- Mutations in p53 lead to an inability to respond to cellular stress leading often to tumor development
Hallmarks of Cancer
- Cancer is a complex process that encompasses multiple alterations within a cell
- The cells are grouped based on their behaviors including increased signaling to promote growth, resistance to cell death and tumor growth
Enabling Replicative Immortality
- Telomere shortening leads to cellular senescence that inhibits cancer proliferation
- Activation of telomerase activity overcomes senescence, enabling sustained proliferation
- Delayed telomerase activation can facilitate the acquisition of genomic alterations.
Activating Invasion and Metastasis
- The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process where cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal characteristics, increasing their invasive potential and motility.
- The EMT involves changes in gene expression, morphological changes, increased matrix degradation, and apoptosis resistance.
Genome Instability and Mutation
- Multi-step tumor progression involves a succession of clonal expansions, where mutations accumulate over time, driving the development of cancerous cells
- Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are major factors in tumorigenesis, leading to loss of control over cellular functions.
- Increased mutability in tumors is due to a greater sensitivity to mutagenic agents and compromised DNA surveillance mechanisms, often evident in p53 mutants.
Tumor-Promoting Inflammation
- Tumor-promoting inflammation is associated with many types of cancers.
- The process includes several bioactive molecules that include inflammatory cells such as MDSC, Macrophages, etc.
Deregulating Cellular Metabolism
- The Warburg effect is a phenomenon in which cancer cells preferentially utilize aerobic glycolysis to generate energy, even in the presence of oxygen.
- Increased glycolysis is often associated with enhanced biosynthetic pathways in cancer cells.
Avoiding Immune Destruction
- Tumor cells interact with the immune system to escape detection and destruction
References
- Various scientific articles are cited in the slides providing further information
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Description
Explore the progression of cancer from a single cell to tumors, understanding the genetic variability and abnormal growth characteristics. Additionally, gain insights into worldwide causes of death in 2021, highlighting the impact of cancer and other major health issues.
