Understanding Breast Cancer Progression and Diagnosis

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Questions and Answers

Which type of breast cancer is unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy?

HER2+

ER+

ER-/PR-

Triple Negative (correct)

What is the characteristic of HER2+ breast cancers?

Respond well to Herceptin (correct)

Have lower levels of HER2 protein

Less aggressive than HER2- cancers

Do not respond to endocrine therapy

Which T category represents a tumor of any size with direct spread to chest wall or skin?

T4 (correct)

Tis

What does N1 staging indicate in breast cancer?

Spread to 1-3 axillary lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which feature has been added to the new staging classification, making it more complex?

Grade Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of 5-year survival is expected for Stage III breast cancer?

~72% Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a negative margin in breast conserving surgery?

"No Tumor On Ink" Signup and view all the answers

What is HEMOBLAST™ Bellows indicated for in surgical procedures?

Minimal, mild, and moderate bleeding in certain surgeries Signup and view all the answers

Which company manufactures the FLOSEAL® Hemostatic Matrix?

Baxter Healthcare Signup and view all the answers

In which type of procedures is HEMOBLAST™ Bellows contraindicated?

Ophthalmic procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of SURGIFLO® Hemostatic Matrix Kit?

To assist in achieving hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which hemostatic agent is indicated for mild to moderate bleeding when conventional methods fail?

EVICEL® Fibrin Sealant Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes TISSEEL® Fibrin Sealant from other hemostatic agents?

It requires activation before use. Signup and view all the answers

Which hemostatic agent should be used when conventional methods are ineffective in controlling mild bleeding?

SURGIFOAM® Absorbable Gelatin Powder Signup and view all the answers

Which hemostatic agent is specifically contraindicated for neurosurgical procedures?

SURGIFLO® Hemostatic Matrix Kit Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes EVARREST® Fibrin Sealant Patch from other hemostatic agents?

It is applied as a patch. Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgeries would benefit most from the use of THROMBIN-JMI®?

Surgical cases where conventional methods fail. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breast Cancer and MarginProbe Technology

MarginProbe is a technology that helps detect cancer cells during breast cancer surgery.
Breast cancer can be categorized into different stages, including normal ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal cancer (IDC).

Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Breast cancer diagnosis involves imaging tools such as mammograms, ultrasound, and low-dose X-rays.
Mammograms can be limited in detecting tumors in dense breasts, which is a common issue in 40% of the population.
Biopsies can be used to diagnose cancer, including fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy.

Breast Cancer Staging

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) uses the TNM system to stage breast cancer, which takes into account the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.
Additional factors such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status are also considered.
The staging system has been updated to include genomic profiles, such as Oncotype and Mammaprint.

Biomarkers and Treatment

Biomarkers such as ER, PR, and HER2 can affect treatment choices.
Hormone receptor status (ER/PR) can be used to guide hormone therapy.
HER2 status can be used to guide targeted therapy.
Triple-negative breast cancer is a subtype that lacks ER, PR, and HER2 expression, and is often more aggressive and has a poorer prognosis.

Tumor Grade and Staging

Tumor grade is a measure of how quickly a breast tumor is likely to grow and spread.
A score of 1-3 is used to describe the tumor grade, with 3 being the most aggressive.
The staging system combines the TNM system with the tumor grade and biomarkers to provide a more accurate prognosis.

Lumpectomy and Breast Conserving Surgery

Lumpectomy, also known as breast-conserving surgery, is a surgical procedure that removes the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.
The goal of lumpectomy is to achieve negative margins, which reduces the risk of local recurrence.
A margin of 2mm or more is considered negative, but clinical judgment should be used for margins between 2mm and 1mm.

Hemostasis

Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding during surgery.
Hemostatic agents, such as collagen, thrombin, and chondroitin sulfate, can be used to aid in hemostasis.
The SPOT GRADE scale is a validated system for measuring bleeding severity during surgery.

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Description

Learn about MarginProbe Technology, pathology processing, and the progression from normal ductal hyperplasia to invasive ductal cancer. Explore the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, including imaging tools like mammogram and ultrasound.