Breast Anatomy and Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes triple-negative breast cancer?

Positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors

Negative for both estrogen and progesterone receptors (correct)

Non-invasive form of breast cancer

Requires surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) can be described as:

An early noninvasive form where cells are still in the duct (correct)

Invasive cancer that spreads quickly

A rare occurrence found only after menopause

Not considered cancer or precursor to cancer

Which breast cancer type is characterized by abnormal growth in lobules without spreading?

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Lobular carcinoma in situ (correct)

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Which symptom is associated with infiltrating ductal carcinoma in advanced stages?

Peau d'orange texture Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of inflammatory breast cancer?

Occurs in young women and is aggressive Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a breast mass that may indicate cancer?

Painless and hard with irregular edges Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered a risk factor for breast cancer?

Physical exercise engagement Signup and view all the answers

At what age should women start considering yearly mammograms according to screening guidelines?

40 to 44 years Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to assess hormone receptors in breast cancer cells?

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)?

Peau d’orange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of atypical hyperplasia?

It involves the growth of abnormal cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which benign breast disorder is characterized by the presence of a rope-like lump and tenderness associated with menstruation?

Fibrocystic Breast Condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate follow-up care after a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia?

Annual mammogram and bi-annual breast exams. Signup and view all the answers

What is the common age range for women affected by intraductal papilloma?

40-55 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor associated with the development of breast cancer?

Nulliparity Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is not typically associated with fibrocystic breast condition?

Serous discharge Signup and view all the answers

What is the 5-year survival rate for localized breast cancer?

98% Signup and view all the answers

Which breast disorder may cause trauma as the mass grows?

Intraductal Papilloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of engaging in gentle, low-impact exercises post breast cancer surgery?

To reduce swelling and prevent stiffness without straining the surgical site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes lymphedema in the context of breast cancer surgery?

A swelling that may occur in the arm or chest post lymph node removal Signup and view all the answers

What type of diet is recommended for patients recovering from breast cancer surgery?

A balanced diet abundant in antioxidants and essential nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom should a breast cancer surgery patient be most cautious of that indicates a need for immediate medical attention?

Elevated fever and notable signs of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise regimen is unsuitable for patients post breast cancer surgery?

High-intensity aerobic workouts that strain the surgical site Signup and view all the answers

What might be an immediate effect of the recommended post-operative exercises for breast cancer patients?

Reduction in swelling and improved limb functionality Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary approach should patients recovering from breast cancer surgery avoid?

Engaging in low-protein diets that may hinder healing Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom in a recovering breast cancer surgery patient suggests an unwarranted infection risk?

High fever along with increasing redness and discharge Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment option for tumors that are positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors?

Hormone therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom after a mastectomy most clearly indicates a potential complication requiring immediate attention?

Foul odor from the surgical site Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended nursing intervention for a patient expressing body image concerns after a mastectomy?

Advise on counseling or support groups Signup and view all the answers

Which long-term complication should a nurse prioritize when discussing post-operative care after a modified radical mastectomy?

Lymphedema Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is least likely to be administered for hormone-responsive breast cancer?

Immunotherapy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of breast cancer treatment options, which therapy is primarily indicated when other therapies are ineffective?

Targeted therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)?

Surgery and chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which potential side effect should be closely monitored in a patient undergoing chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer?

Neutropenia Signup and view all the answers

Which action should a nurse NOT take when noting increased drainage from a surgical site post-mastectomy?

Apply a warm compress Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding post-mastectomy emotional support interventions?

Support groups are primarily for severe issues Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic mutation is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer?

BRCA1 (Breast Cancer 1) Signup and view all the answers

In the case of recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer after initial treatment, which treatment option is most likely to be explored?

Salvage chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What defines the receptor status of triple-negative breast cancer?

Negative for estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT effective as a treatment for triple-negative breast cancer due to receptor status?

Hormone therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment recommendation to manage the side effects of chemotherapy in a patient with triple-negative breast cancer?

Bone marrow stimulants Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is typically used in addressing a localized recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer?

Combination of surgery and radiation therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis for a patient presenting with a mobile, smooth, and tender breast lump?

Fibrocystic changes Signup and view all the answers

A woman experiences milky nipple discharge from a single duct. What is the most likely cause?

Intraductal papilloma Signup and view all the answers

A 35-year-old woman has a painless, well-defined breast mass that changes size with her menstrual cycle. What is the diagnosis?

Fibroadenoma Signup and view all the answers

Post-biopsy, a woman is diagnosed with abnormal proliferation of epithelial cells within breast ducts without invasion. What is her diagnosis?

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone receptor status is linked to increased breast cancer recurrence risk and therapy resistance?

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) Signup and view all the answers

What breast condition is characterized by the presence of benign cysts and fibrous tissue accompanied by cyclic breast pain?

Fibrocystic changes Signup and view all the answers

A breast lesion is detected in a 50-year-old woman with abnormal histology showing non-invasive cell growth. What is the likely diagnosis?

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by nipple discharge that may be milky or bloody and is commonly related to a specific duct?

Intraductal papilloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate recommendation for a woman with a strong family history of breast cancer?

Genetic counseling and testing for BRCA mutations Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most appropriate response to a 30-year-old woman requesting genetic testing for BRCA mutations without a family history of breast cancer?

"Genetic testing is not recommended for you because you have no family history of breast cancer." Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the approach for breast cancer risk assessment in women?

Women with strong family histories should consider genetic counseling for risk assessment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for recommending genetic testing in women with family histories of breast cancer?

To assess the genetic predisposition for breast cancer risk. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a standard recommendation for breast cancer risk management in women with no family history?

Pursue genetic counseling for BRCA testing. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breast Anatomy

Breast tissue is made up of lobules, ducts, and connective tissue.

Benign Breast Disorders

Atypical Hyperplasia: Abnormal cell growth in the breast, not cancer, but increases risk, requires annual mammogram and bi-annual breast exams.
Fibroadenoma: Common benign tumor in reproductive years, can occur post-menopause, oval, mobile, rubbery, size varies.
Fibrocystic Breast Condition (FBC): Changes in lobules, ducts, and stromal tissues, most common in premenopausal women, often related to estrogen and progesterone imbalance, causes tenderness, pain, lumpiness, and swelling, especially before menstruation.
Intraductal Papilloma: Occurs in women 40-55, growth in the duct, causes trauma and serous discharge, may require surgical removal.

Breast Cancer

Most common cancer in women, 1 in 8 women will develop by age 70.
5-year survival rates: 98% for localized cancer, 84% for cancer that has spread to lymph nodes.

Breast Cancer Etiology and Risk Factors

Risk Factors: Female, age, overweight/obese, sedentary lifestyle, increased alcohol consumption, familial history, genetic mutations (BRCA 1 and 2), early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, first child born after age 30, hormone therapy use (especially combination pill), radiation exposure.

Screening Guidelines

Mammograms: Women 40-44 have the option to start yearly, women 45-54 yearly, women 55+ every other year (can choose yearly).
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
Breast Self-Exam (BSE)

Breast Cancer Signs and Symptoms

New lump or mass: painless, hard, irregular edges, often fixed to tissue, can be soft, tender, and round.
Skin irritation or dimpling
Swelling
Breast or nipple pain
Nipple retraction (turning inward)
Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin
Peau d'orange - orange peel appearance of skin (common in inflammatory breast cancer).

Breast Cancer Assessment

History: Focus on risk factors, the characteristics of the breast mass, health maintenance practices
Psychosocial Assessment: Fear of cancer, threats to body image, sexuality, and intimacy, decisional conflict regarding treatment options, uncertainty about treatment outcomes/survival

Breast Cancer Diagnostics and Labs

Digital Mammography
Breast Tomosynthesis
Ultrasonography
MRI or CT
Breast Biopsy - Tissue examined for diagnosis
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test
Labs: Elevated liver enzymes (liver metastasis), increased calcium and alkaline phosphatase (bone metastasis).
Chest x-ray

Hormone Receptors

These proteins on breast cells catch hormones that promote cell growth
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test
ER-positive: Estrogen receptors present
PR-positive: Progesterone receptors present
HER2-positive: HER2 receptors present, more aggressive cancer, higher risk of recurrence.
Hormone Receptor-Positive: Has one or both estrogen or progesterone receptors
Hormone Receptor-Negative: Does not have estrogen or progesterone receptors
Triple-Negative: No HER2, estrogen, or progesterone receptors.

Breast Cancer Types

Noninvasive (In Situ): Remains within the mammary duct
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Early, pre-cancerous, precursor to invasive cancer.
- Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): Rare, abnormal cell growth in lobules, not considered cancer or pre-cancer, can increase risk of breast cancer development elsewhere.
Invasive: Spreads beyond the original location.
- Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): Most common type, starts in cells lining milk ducts, presents as an irregular, poorly defined lump.
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): Rare but aggressive, 1-5% of breast cancers, affects younger women, presents with swelling, redness, and warmth.
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: More aggressive, does not have estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors, often diagnosed in younger women, African American women, and women with a BRCA1 mutation.
Metastatic: Spreads to other parts of the body (bone, lungs, brain, liver).

Noninvasive Breast Cancer

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Early form, cells in the duct, precursor for invasive cancer, early diagnosis crucial, treated with surgery, radiation, and tamoxifen.
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): Rare, not considered cancer or pre-cancer, can increase risk of developing breast cancer elsewhere, abnormal cell growth in lobules, may not be seen on mammogram, usually found with breast biopsy.

Invasive Breast Cancer

Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): Most common type, starts in cells lining milk ducts, lump is irregular, poorly defined, fibrosis, dimpling, and peau d' orange may develop in advanced disease.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): Rare but aggressive, usually affects younger women, presents with skin changes (swelling, redness, warmth) and dimpling. Cancer cells block lymph vessels, causing fluid buildup.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Aggressive, occurs often in younger women, African American women, and those with BRCA1 mutation.

Post-Operative Breast Cancer Care

Exercise Regimen: Gentle, low-impact exercises like walking and stretching are recommended to facilitate recovery.
Lymphedema: Closely monitor for swelling in the arm or chest on the side of surgery, a potential complication of lymph node removal.
Diet: A balanced diet rich in antioxidants and nutrients is vital for post-operative healing and overall health.
Post-Operative Symptoms: High fever and signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, and discharge around the incision, require immediate medical attention.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Treatment: Surgery and chemotherapy are the primary treatment approaches for TNBC.
Side Effects: Neutropenia (low white blood cell count), a common side effect of chemotherapy, should be closely monitored in TNBC patients.
Genetic Association: BRCA1 gene mutations are often linked to an increased risk of developing TNBC.
Recurrence: Salvage chemotherapy is a common treatment approach for TNBC recurrence.

Breast Cancer Subtypes

ER+/PR+ Tumors: Hormone therapy is often the primary treatment for tumors positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors.
HER2+ Tumors: This subtype is associated with aggressive growth, increased recurrence risk, and potential resistance to hormonal therapies.

Breast Cancer Risk Reduction

Family History: Individuals with a strong family history of breast cancer should consider genetic counseling and testing for BRCA mutations.
Genetic Testing: Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is generally recommended for individuals with a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors.

Benign Breast Disorders

Fibrocystic Changes: Cyclic breast pain and tenderness, often accompanied by cysts and fibrous tissue.
Intraductal Papilloma: A common cause of nipple discharge, typically involving a single duct, with milky or bloody discharge.
Fibroadenoma: Painless, well-defined mass that may change in size during the menstrual cycle.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis

DCIS: Abnormal cell growth within the breast ducts without invasion into surrounding tissue, a non-invasive, pre-malignant condition.

Post-Mastectomy Care

Wound Complications: Increased drainage and foul odor from the surgical site may indicate infection and warrant immediate medical attention.
Lymphedema: A potential long-term complication involving fluid accumulation, causing swelling and discomfort.

Emotional Support After Mastectomy

Body Image: Counseling or support groups can address emotional needs and concerns regarding body image.

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Description

Test your knowledge on breast anatomy, benign disorders, and breast cancer. This quiz covers various conditions such as atypical hyperplasia and fibroadenoma, as well as statistics on breast cancer prevalence and survival rates. Perfect for medical students and health professionals.