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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of an absolute threshold in sensory perception?
What is the definition of an absolute threshold in sensory perception?
Which principle explains the ability to perceive the just noticeable difference between two stimuli?
Which principle explains the ability to perceive the just noticeable difference between two stimuli?
What does the term subliminal refer to in sensory perception?
What does the term subliminal refer to in sensory perception?
What happens during sensory adaptation?
What happens during sensory adaptation?
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How does priming affect perception?
How does priming affect perception?
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What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
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At what age does myelination in the frontal lobes typically conclude?
At what age does myelination in the frontal lobes typically conclude?
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What is synaptic pruning?
What is synaptic pruning?
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What did DeCasper and Fifer's study reveal about newborns?
What did DeCasper and Fifer's study reveal about newborns?
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During which period should exposure to certain stimuli occur for proper developmental outcomes?
During which period should exposure to certain stimuli occur for proper developmental outcomes?
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What effect did the isolated environment have on the rats in the study conducted by Rosenzweig et al.?
What effect did the isolated environment have on the rats in the study conducted by Rosenzweig et al.?
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What is the process of synaptic pruning?
What is the process of synaptic pruning?
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How does habituation affect attention?
How does habituation affect attention?
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At what age do babies lose the ability to differentiate between similar-looking animals?
At what age do babies lose the ability to differentiate between similar-looking animals?
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What role does culture play according to the provided content?
What role does culture play according to the provided content?
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Which factor is NOT included in the definition of culture provided?
Which factor is NOT included in the definition of culture provided?
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What occurs in the environment that promotes better brain development as suggested by Rosenzweig et al.?
What occurs in the environment that promotes better brain development as suggested by Rosenzweig et al.?
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Which greeting varies among cultures as mentioned in the content?
Which greeting varies among cultures as mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary function of the cones in the human eye?
What is the primary function of the cones in the human eye?
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Which theory suggests that color perception is influenced by opposing color pairs?
Which theory suggests that color perception is influenced by opposing color pairs?
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What is the role of the fovea in the retina?
What is the role of the fovea in the retina?
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How does the light-from-above assumption affect depth perception?
How does the light-from-above assumption affect depth perception?
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Which of the following is NOT a binocular cue for depth perception?
Which of the following is NOT a binocular cue for depth perception?
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What impact does a teratogen have during prenatal development?
What impact does a teratogen have during prenatal development?
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In the context of developmental psychology, what do continuity and stages refer to?
In the context of developmental psychology, what do continuity and stages refer to?
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Which wavelength of light corresponds to the color blue?
Which wavelength of light corresponds to the color blue?
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What psychological impact was demonstrated by the case of Genie?
What psychological impact was demonstrated by the case of Genie?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the optic nerve?
Which of the following best describes the role of the optic nerve?
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How do individualist cultures typically define themselves?
How do individualist cultures typically define themselves?
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What characterizes holistic thinking in different cultures?
What characterizes holistic thinking in different cultures?
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What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?
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What happens at the synapse in neural communication?
What happens at the synapse in neural communication?
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What is the role of Broca’s area?
What is the role of Broca’s area?
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Which disorder is characterized by difficulty producing speech despite preserved comprehension?
Which disorder is characterized by difficulty producing speech despite preserved comprehension?
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How is transduction best defined?
How is transduction best defined?
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How does top-down processing differ from bottom-up processing?
How does top-down processing differ from bottom-up processing?
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What is the role of white matter in the brain?
What is the role of white matter in the brain?
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Which function is primarily associated with the parietal lobe?
Which function is primarily associated with the parietal lobe?
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What condition results in impaired language comprehension while maintaining fluent speech?
What condition results in impaired language comprehension while maintaining fluent speech?
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What does double dissociation illustrate in brain function?
What does double dissociation illustrate in brain function?
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What is the significance of action potentials in neural communication?
What is the significance of action potentials in neural communication?
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Study Notes
Experience and Brain Development
- Rosenzweig et al., 1962 experiment studied the impact of environment on rat brain anatomy.
- Enriched environment rats had larger neurons and stronger connections than those in impoverished environment rats.
- Habituation is the process of becoming familiar with a stimulus, leading to decreased attention towards it.
- Face recognition abilities develop differently across ages. Babies show superior facial recognition in animals, but this fades with age.
- Synaptic pruning eliminates unused synapses, strengthening active connections.
Culture
- Culture is a shared system of ideas, attitudes, values, habits, and traditions passed down across generations.
- It facilitates knowledge accumulation crucial for survival and reproduction, particularly in solving adaptive problems.
Cultural Variation
- Each culture establishes acceptable behavior standards.
- For example, greetings differ: handshakes in the USA, hugs/kisses in Chile.
- Individualist cultures prioritize individual needs, independence, and personal goals.
- Collectivist cultures prioritize group needs, community interests, and social harmony above individual desires.
- Holistic thinking (Eastern cultures): focus on objects and their surrounding context, emphasizing relationships.
- Analytic thinking (Western cultures): focus on object properties, paying less attention to context.
The Neuron and Neural Communication
- Synapse: The connecting point between two neurons where signals are passed.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers carrying signals between neurons, muscles, and glands.
- Action potentials: Electrical signals for synaptic communication. All-or-none response, intensity remains constant regardless of stimulation strength.
Cerebral Cortex
- The outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions.
- Divided into sensory, motor, and association areas.
- Directs motor activity, controls memory, learning, problem solving, emotions, language, personality, and intelligence.
Grey Matter
- Site of complex cognitive processes.
- Surface layer of the brain.
White Matter
- Takes up nearly half the brain.
- Composed of millions of fibers connecting neurons in different brain regions.
Lobes and Their Function
- Frontal Lobe: located at the front of the head, responsible for impulse control, executive function, planning, working memory, and motor cortex.
- Temporal Lobe: located lower-middle of the head near ears, responsible for sound and speech processing, language understanding, and memory systems.
- Parietal Lobe: located upper middle top of the head, responsible for spatial recognition, distance perception, and sensory information processing.
- Occipital Lobe: located at the back of the head, responsible for visual perception.
Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex
- Motor cortex: controls voluntary movement.
- Somatosensory cortex: receives sensory information from the body.
Localization of Function
- Specific brain areas serve particular functions.
- Damage to specific areas leads to specific cognitive impairments.
Broca's Area
- Located in the left frontal lobe.
- Responsible for speech production and articulation, and contributes to language comprehension.
Broca's Aphasia
- Damage to the left inferior frontal gyrus.
- Language disorder characterized by difficulty finding words and producing fluent sentences, while comprehension remains intact.
Wernicke's Area
- Located in the temporal lobe.
- Controls word selection and understanding.
Wernicke's Aphasia
- Impairment in language comprehension.
- Fluent speech may be grammatically correct but meaningless or jumbled, potentially affecting reading and writing.
Double Dissociation
- Demonstrates separate brain regions are responsible for speech production and comprehension.
- Frontal lobe damage affects speech production, while temporoparietal lesion affects comprehension.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
- Brain stimulation therapy using magnets to alter neuronal activity.
- Increased activity leads to enhanced communication.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: The process of receiving information from the world through sensory organs.
- Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling recognition of objects and events.
Bottom-Up Processing
- Sensory analysis where information flows from the bottom (sensory receptors) to higher levels of processing, allowing stimuli to shape perceptions.
Top-Down Processing
- Sensory analysis guided by higher-level mental processes, using prior knowledge to interpret sensory information.
Transduction
- Converting one form of energy into another. Sensory receptors convert physical stimuli into neural signals.
Absolute Threshold
- The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Subliminal
- Input below the conscious awareness threshold.
Priming
- Activating associations in the mind, influencing perception, memory, and responses to objects or events.
Weber's Law
- Explains the ability to perceive just noticeable differences (difference threshold) between stimuli.
- The difference between two stimuli must be a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
Sensory Adaptation
- Decreased sensitivity due to constant exposure to stimulation.
Tilt Aftereffect
- Visual illusion where straight objects appear tilted after prolonged exposure to a tilted pattern.
Gender Categorization
- Biological sex influences perception of others.
Wavelength, Hue, and Amplitude
- Wavelength: Distance between light wave peaks, determining hue.
- Amplitude: Light wave intensity, determining brightness.
The Eye
- Retina: Tissue layer in the back of the eye responsible for vision and brain function. Converts light energy into 3D images.
- Optic nerve: Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
- Blind spot: Area in the retina where the optic nerve connects, lacking light-sensitive cells.
- Cones: Responsible for detail and color vision.
- Rods: Responsible for vision in dim light.
- Fovea: Area of the retina with high concentration of cones, responsible for high-acuity vision.
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
- Three types of cone receptor cells in the retina are responsible for color perception: blue, green, and red.
Opponent-Process Theory
- Color perception is controlled by three channels, each with opposing pairs: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white.
Light-From-Above Assumption
- Shadows are perceived as depth and distance cues.
Depth Perception
- The ability to see objects in 3D despite 2D images.
Binocular Cues
- Depth information using both eyes:
- Binocular disparity: Difference in views between two eyes.
Monocular Cues
- Depth information using only one eye:
- Occlusion: Determining closer/further objects through interposition.
- Size cue: Smaller objects appear further away than large ones.
- Linear perspective: Parallel lines converge in the distance, affecting perceived object size.
Genie
- Case study of a girl isolated for 13 years, highlighting the impact of early experiences on development.
Developmental Psychology
- Study of how mind and behavior change throughout the lifespan.
- Nature vs. nurture: Interactions between genes and experiences shaping development.
- Continuity vs. stages: Gradual vs. abrupt changes in development.
- Stability vs. change: Traits persisting or changing over time.
Prenatal Brain Development
- Teratogen: Harmful agents (chemicals, viruses) affecting embryo/fetus during prenatal development.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Physical and mental abnormalities caused by heavy maternal alcohol consumption.
- Corpus callosum: Nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning
- Synaptogenesis: Formation of new connections between neurons.
- Synaptic pruning: Elimination of infrequently used synapses.
Myelination
- Covering axons with myelin sheaths, increasing signal transmission speed.
- Frontal lobes myelinate later (around age 25), while occipital lobes myelinate earlier.
Environment and Brain Development
- Neglect: Lack of basic needs provision, affecting emotional, material, and service-oriented aspects.
Newborn Reflexes
- Automatic responses for survival, including sucking, grasping, rooting, etc.
Newborn Auditory Perception
- DeCasper & Fifer (1980): Newborns prefer their mother's voice to a stranger's, demonstrating recognition of familiar sounds from the womb.
Visual Preference Paradigm
- Studying infant visual attention and perception by observing their preference for one stimulus over another.
Robert Fantz
- Pioneer in infant visual perception research, using paired displays to observe infants' fixation preferences.
Newborn Face Perception
- Infants show early abilities to perceive and discriminate faces.
Newborn Imitation
- Infants demonstrate early imitative behaviors.
Sensitive Period and Critical Period
- Sensitive period: Time of heightened susceptibility to specific stimuli, influencing particular behaviors.
- Critical period: Time requiring exposure to certain experiences for proper development.
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Description
This quiz explores the significant findings from Rosenzweig's 1962 experiment on rat brain anatomy and the effects of enriched and impoverished environments. Additionally, it delves into the concepts of habituation, face recognition development, and the role of culture in shaping behaviors across generations. Test your understanding of these crucial topics!
