Brain Development

Which developmental period is characterized by a narrow window of development where specific experience is required for normal development?

What may benefit executive function according to the text?

What is the primary deficit in dyslexia according to the text?

What is the region that connects motor regions from both hemispheres and is more susceptible to impacts of environment?

What is the developmental disorder characterized by no general cognitive disability but specific difficulties with written language?

What is the term for the developmental window where specific experience has long-term effects on behavior and the brain?

Which genetic disorder is characterized by pronounced intellectual disability in both verbal and non-verbal domains?

What type of exposure may impact the auditory cortex frequency tuning according to the text?

What type of training is linked to later expertise according to the text?

What is the term for the range of intellectual impairment caused by excessive alcohol consumption, especially in the first trimester?

What may be transferred from mothers to pups as a result of being raised in enriched environments according to the text?

What is the term for the system changes by individual experiences, family and social environment, stress, education, language, music, and sports?

What is the period of explosive growth in synapses after birth?

Which region shows the biggest growth in the brain until the age of 25?

What is the goal of brain development according to the text?

What happens to the volume and thickness of grey matter as age increases?

Which region shows changes in emotional response to negative images with age?

What is the concept of experience-expectant plasticity related to?

Which region is primarily responsible for inhibition and regulation of amygdala response?

What happens to the response in the occipital frontal cortex (OFC) as individuals age?

What is the primary implication of extended brain development according to the text?

What occurs in the brain during the first year of life?

What is the primary implication of individual differences in connectivity for reading skills?

What happens to the volume of white matter as individuals age?

Brain development starts at birth and continues until the age of 25

The period from birth to 3 months is crucial for brain development

Synaptic connections between neurons decrease after the first year of life

The amygdala response to negative images increases as individuals age

White matter volume decreases with age as grey matter volume increases

Exposure to white noise during the critical period of 11-14 days post-natal can improve auditory cortex frequency tuning.

Early bilingualism may not benefit executive function due to the difficulty of controlling which language to use.

Children implanted with a cochlear implant before 24 months of age perform as well as hearing children on a test of word comprehension.

The primary deficit in dyslexia is related to processing rapidly changing sounds like consonants.

The period of explosive growth in synapses after birth is known as the sensitive period.

Early ______ in regions necessary for primary functions. Primary cortices are the regions that are growing more rapidly and earliest. Biggest growth occurs in PFC that lasts until 25yo. Executive controls, emotion regulation - Extended period of development allows maximum adaptation to the environment - Interconnected regions can influence each other – interactive specialization Likely relevant for the development of complex skills (language, reasoning). Regions connected to each other have an influence on one another - They can assist each other’s growth - But, extended development means greater opportunity for maladaptive ______ Goal of development: adapt to our environment - But if environment is hostile, we adapt as well - Challenges occurring early in childhood can have long term impact - 1mo: mostly great matter: myelination has not yet occurred - By 9 mo: brain is relatively similar to what an adult brain looks like - Initial myelination takes place in infancy - Volume and thickness of grey matter decreases with age - Volume of white matter increases As we have more white matter, there’s less gray matter measured by MRI (voxel) In a single voxel, white matter grows into gray matter and hides it - Not really losing gray matter - Connections are what is changing

Greater increases in WM from 5 to 8 in left arcuate fasciculus (connects language and visual regions) were related to better reading skills - Even when controlling for: Family history of dyslexia Socioeconomic status Pre-literacy skills Global cognitive function - Individual differences in ______ are important for reading skills These connections are important for our ability to read regardless Probably are other factors contributing to this

Emotional response to negative images decreases with age Emotion regulation changes over time Study shows negative image and neutral image and rate how negative you felt - Negative images: as age increases, negative feelings decreases - Neutral at - Amygdala response decreases in parallel - Response in ______ increases and OFC decreases OFC: connected to amygdala (evaluative system) - As we age, our ability to evaluate negative images increases ______: inhibition/regulation of amygdala response - As we age, ______ has more inhibition and regulation - Changes in emotional evaluation result from changes in regions related to valuation and inhibitory control

Development BRAIN DEVELOPMENT - Brain development starts before birth (around 3 months) Gyri and sulci especially (cortex) - Most neurons are already in place at the time of birth Period of development from birth-3mo is very important Exposure to toxins and trauma can have devastating impact on developing brain - From birth to one year ______ increase 10x Connections between neurons (explosive growth) - After this initial growth period, ______ are pruned, or disappear Different periods of growth and pruning for different regions Explosion of ______ and pruning is relatively short A1, V1, S1, M1 is done early - At the same time the axons that remain and form connections between regions become more myelinated Start in first year and lasts until adolescence