40 Questions
What is the purpose of the rooting reflex in infants?
To find the breast or bottle to feed
At what stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory do children start using symbols to learn?
Preoperational stage
Which reflex involves a baby starting to suck when the roof of their mouth is touched?
Suck reflex
What is the main characteristic of Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development?
Reasoning abstractly
Which developmental reflex helps infants follow a stroking near the corner of their mouth?
Rooting reflex
What is the main focus of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Interacting with others and communicating effectively.
What triggers some cases of ASD according to the text?
Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP).
In Piaget's model of cognitive development, what does 'schemas' refer to?
Building blocks of knowledge.
According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, what is accommodation?
Adapting or creating new schemas to fit new information.
What did Piaget not adequately consider in his research, based on the provided text?
Effect of cultural settings and social interactions on cognitive development.
What is a common misconception about the mind in contemporary psychology?
The mind is solely responsible for all behaviors.
Why might 'the mind' not play the role that Sigmund Freud initially envisioned?
Interactions with unconscious psychological forces do not shape the mind.
What is the main focus of the Behavioralist perspective on human behavior?
Explaining how behavior is isolated from cognitive factors.
In human motivation theory, what are the three fundamental motivators proposed?
Desire for power, success, and affiliation.
Which perspective focuses on explaining psychological forces that control human behavior?
Psychodynamic
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron's structure?
Receive electric signals from other neurons
Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscles, learning, and memory?
Acetylcholine
What is the role of myelin in a neuron?
Allow impulses to transmit quickly along neurons
Which neurotransmitter is linked to mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal?
Serotonin
What is the main function of Glutamate in neuronal communication?
Act as a major excitatory neurotransmitter
Where is the amygdala located?
In the temporal lobe, just in front of the hippocampus
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Involved in coordinating movement and balance
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Positioned below the thalamus
What does the medulla control?
Heartbeat and breathing
What is the main function of the pons?
Helps coordinate movement and control sleep
What is the main function of the thalamus?
Regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness
Where is the occipital lobe located?
At the back of the head
Which part of the brain is involved in receiving information from the ears?
Temporal lobe
Why are association areas important in brain function?
They are involved in higher mental functions like interpreting information
What does the circadian rhythm relate to?
Natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral processes in a 24-hour cycle
What type of learning is associated with anticipating events based on the linking of two or more stimuli?
Classical conditioning
Who conducted the test related to Operant Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
In Classical Conditioning, what becomes the conditional stimulus after conditioning?
Conditional stimuli
Which of the following is an example of Classical Conditioning?
Teaching a dog to salivate when hearing a tone
What type of learning is associated with behaviors becoming more probable if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment?
Operant conditioning
In Classical Conditioning, what is the unconditional response to the unconditional stimulus?
Unconditional response
Which psychologist conducted a test associated with Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
'Sounding a tone before delivering an air puff, after a few trials, as soon as you hear the tone you blink' is an example of:
Classical conditioning
What does UR stand for in Classical Conditioning?
Unconditional Response
In Operant Conditioning, which of the following becomes more probable if followed by a reinforcer?
Desired behavior
Study Notes
Physical and Psychological Effects
- Chronic stress can lead to:
- High blood pressure
- Depression
- Decreased metabolism
- Increased cortisol levels
- Weakened immune system
- Obesity
- Reduced strength and slower reaction time
Infant Developmental Reflexes
- Two key developmental reflexes in infants:
- Rooting reflex: when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched, they turn their head and open their mouth to follow the stroking
- Suck reflex: when the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will start to suck
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Four stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): experiencing the world through senses and actions
- Preoperational (2-6/7 years): representing things with words and symbols
- Concrete operational (7-11 years): thinking logically about concrete events
- Formal operational (12 years-adulthood): reasoning abstractly and logically
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Definition: a neurological and developmental disorder affecting interaction, communication, learning, and behavior
- Symptoms present from early childhood and affect daily functioning
Piaget's Theory Weaknesses
- Case studies on limited children and generalizing theory
- Neglecting cultural settings and social interactions on cognitive development
- Interviews may not be true to life and are subject to interpretation
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
- Piaget: cognitive development depends on children's interactions; cognitive development of all children is the same
- Vygotsky: cognitive development depends on culture of children's society; cognitive development of all children varies according to culture
Brain Areas and Functions
- Medulla: controls heartbeat and breathing
- Pons: helps coordinate movement and control sleep
- Cerebellum: involved in coordinating movement and balance; also plays a role in cognitive functions like language
- Hypothalamus: regulates body temperature and hunger, fatigue, and hormone system
- Amygdala: processes emotions and memories associated with fear
- Hippocampus: stores long-term memories and makes them hard to forget
Neuron Structure and Function
- Dendrites: send electric signals from neurons to the cell body
- Axon: transmits electrical and chemical signals from the cell body to other neurons
- Action potential: electric charges and impulses down an axon
- Glial cells: support and protect neurons
- Myelin: allows impulses to transmit quickly along neurons
- Synapse: site of transmission of signals between two neurons
Neuropeptides
- Definition: small chemical substances produced and released by neurons through regulated routes
- Examples:
- Insulin
- Acetylcholine (muscles, learning, and memory)
- Dopamine (learning, attention, emotion, and memory)
- Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal)
- GABA (major inhibitory neurotransmitter)
- Glutamate (major excitatory neurotransmitter)
Association Areas
- Important for higher mental functions like interpreting and acting on information
- Responsible for thought, memory, and learning, in combination with primary areas they surround
Test your knowledge on the location and main functions of the thalamus, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe in the human brain. Learn about these important structures and their roles in regulating sleep, receiving visual information, and processing auditory information.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
