Questions and Answers
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating emotions and controlling body temperature?
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
Damage to which part of the brain is often seen in individuals with PTSD?
What is the function of the limbic system?
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Increased activity in which part of the brain is often seen in individuals with OCD?
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Which part of the brain is involved in processing fearful and threatening stimuli?
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Shrinkage of which part of the brain is often seen in individuals with Alzheimer's disease?
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Which part of the brain is involved in regulating the body's automatic functions, such as pulse and appetite?
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
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Which structure joins the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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What is the role of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum?
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Which disorder is associated with a smaller caudate nucleus?
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
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Which region of the brain is involved in phonological awareness?
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What is a characteristic of the cerebral cortex?
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Which disorder is associated with increased activity in the cerebral cortex?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating many automatic activities such as breathing, pumping action of the heart, and digestion?
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What is the function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?
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Which area of the brain is linked to dopamine and rewards?
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What is the result of deterioration of Basal ganglia?
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Which cranial nerves are associated with the brain stem?
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What is the function of Broca’s area?
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What is the result of a reverse disruption between RAS and thalamus?
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Which area of the brain is responsible for manages the signals your brain sends that help you move your muscles?
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Which hormone is responsible for facilitating energy metabolism and growth?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal gland?
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Which endocrine gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
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What is the primary role of the HPA axis?
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Which hormone is associated with social bonding and is often low in individuals with ASD?
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What is the primary function of melatonin?
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What is primarily associated with deficits in the frontotemporal dementia?
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Which part of the brain is primarily involved in synthesizing information from different regions?
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What cognitive condition is related to increased activity in the orbital surface of the frontal lobe?
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Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for recognizing word forms, particularly in dyslexia?
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Which disorder is linked to less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex?
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What cognitive deficit is linked to lower activation of the prefrontal cortex during cognitive tasks?
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Which of these is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in relation to the frontal lobe?
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What is the main involvement of the intraparietal sulcus in cognitive functioning?
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Study Notes
Forebrain
- More advanced and evolved part of the brain.
Thalamus
- Relays motor and sensory information to the cerebral cortex, affecting sensation, movement, consciousness, and motivated behaviors.
- Disruption between the reticular activating system (RAS) and thalamus can lead to delirium.
Hypothalamus
- Regulates emotions, body temperature, pulse, thirst, appetite, and sleep patterns.
- Controls the endocrine system.
- Associated with eating disorders.
Limbic System
- Located above thalamus and hypothalamus, involved in regulating emotional experiences.
- Controls impulses and basic drives such as sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst.
- Linked to anxiety and borderline personality disorder (PD).
Hippocampus
- Regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, learning, and long-term memory (LTM).
- Damage may occur in PTSD and can cause dysregulation of the HPA axis.
- Shrinkage observed in severe stress conditions, dissociative identity disorder (DID), and Alzheimer’s disease.
Cingulate Gyrus
- Involved in processing emotions, pain, and behavior regulation.
- Regulates autonomic motor functions.
- Increased activity is noted in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Septum
- Plays a role in limbic system regulation.
Amygdala
- Responsible for processing fear and anxiety through emotional responses to threatening stimuli.
- Larger amygdala size with less activation may be seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
- Small volume linked to DID and associated deficits in antisocial PD.
- Increased activation noted in borderline PD, leading to emotion dysregulation.
Basal Ganglia
- Located at the base of the forebrain; controls motor activities.
- Damage can result in posture changes, twitching, or shaking.
- Associated with Huntington’s disease and Parkinson's disease.
Caudate Nucleus
- A dopaminergic area linked to OCD and smaller size in ADHD.
Cerebral Cortex
- The outer surface of cerebrum and the largest part of the forebrain.
- Involved in higher-order functions like planning, reasoning, and creativity.
- Increased activity in OCD; disruption may lead to delirium.
- Shrinkage can occur in Alzheimer’s disease, while enlarged ventricles are seen in schizophrenia.
Cerebrum
- The largest part of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
- Connects the left and right hemispheres, facilitating communication and coordination.
Left Hemisphere
- Responsible for verbal and cognitive abilities; involved in phonological awareness.
- Damage and increased activity linked to disorders such as schizophrenia and generalized anxiety disorders.
Right Hemisphere
- Essential for perceiving surroundings and image creation.
Parietal Lobe
- Integrates sensory information and facilitates movement through space.
- Specific areas related to word analysis and number sense, abnormalities linked to specific learning disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.
Temporal Lobe
- Processes smell, sound, memory, and sight recognition.
- Deficits linked to frontotemporal dementia and dyslexia, shrinkage seen in Alzheimer’s.
Occipital Lobe
- The smallest lobe, dedicated to vision.
- Associated with recognizing word forms in specific learning disorders.
Frontal Lobe
- Involved in higher-order thinking and executive functions.
- Prefrontal cortex synthesizes information and determines responses.
- Increased activity noted in OCD; deficits indicate neurocognitive disorders, particularly in Alzheimer’s.
Brain Stem
- Controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate, encompassing ten cranial nerves.
Midbrain
- Coordinates movement with sensory input; involves the reticular activating system (RAS) associated with arousal.
Hindbrain
- Regulates automatic activities including breathing and digestion.
Cerebellum
- Manages balance and motor coordination; abnormalities linked to autism.
Pons
- Relays pain sensations and regulates balance and facial movements.
Medulla
- Governs vital processes, including heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
Broca’s Area
- Responsible for speech production.
Wernicke’s Area
- Comprehends sound and translates it; communicates with the hippocampus for long-term memory.
Brodmann Area 17
- Determines the size, shape, and location of objects.
Ventral Striatum
- Linked to dopamine and rewards; heightened activation in those with anorexia nervosa.
Endocrine System
- Each gland produces hormones, playing a role in depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
- Oxytocin levels are low in those with ASD.
Adrenal Gland
- Produces epinephrine/adrenaline in response to stress and regulates metabolism and blood pressure.
Thyroid Gland
- Produces thyroxine for energy metabolism and growth.
Pituitary Gland
- Known as the master gland, it produces regulatory hormones affecting growth.
Gonadal Gland
- Produces sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone.
Pineal Gland
- Produces melatonin, essential for sleep regulation.
HPA Axis
- Mediates the effects of stressors on physiological processes such as metabolism and immune responses.
- Dysregulation is linked to depression and trauma disorders.
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Description
Learn about the forebrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, their functions and associated disorders. Understand their roles in sensation, movement, emotions, and consciousness.
