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Seedless Vascular plants I
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Seedless Vascular plants I

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process by which seedless vascular plants carry out their reproduction?

  • Gametogenesis
  • Vegetative propagation
  • Alternation of generations (correct)
  • Mitosis

    • What is the characteristic of homosporous reproduction in seedless vascular plants?

  • Production of only megaspores
  • Production of one size of spore (correct)
  • Production of two sizes of spores
  • Production of only microspores

    • What is the function of sporangia in seedless vascular plants?

  • To house spores (correct)
  • To produce gametes
  • To produce sporophytes
  • To absorb water

    • What is the term for the clusters where sporangia are borne on the abaxial surface of leaves?

    <p>Sori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the megaspore and microspore in heterosporous reproduction?

    <p>Megaspore is larger than microspore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the young, curled up leaves that arise from the rhizome?

    <p>Croziers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sporangium arises from divisions of a superficial epidermal cell initial?

    <p>Leptosporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tapetal layer in sporangium development?

    <p>Nourishing the developing spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure covers the developing sporangia in sori and degenerates as they mature?

    <p>Indusium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sporangium has a sporangial wall made up of more than one cell layer?

    <p>Eusporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the sporangium helps to liberate spores with the help of wind?

    <p>Annulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material that coats the spores, forming surface features such as ridges and spines?

    <p>Tapetal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is not present in Bryophytes?

    <p>Cuticle well developed and covering epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of plants is the sporophyte totally dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition?

    <p>Bryophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants displays heterosporous reproduction?

    <p>Some Lycophytes and Pteridophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants does not possess true leaves?

    <p>Psilophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of plants does the sporophyte have the highest level of differentiation into root, stem, and leaves?

    <p>Ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is best characterized by its well-developed cuticle?

    <p>Ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seedless vascular plant group is characterized by a cylindrical branching stem with a central vascular strand and enations?

    <p>Psilotophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seedless vascular plant group is known to have sporophytes with whorled, scale-like microsporophylls and rough, ribbed stems containing silicon dioxide?

    <p>Equisetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is not found in the Polypodiophyta group?

    <p>Limited to two extant genera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seedless vascular plant group exhibits homosporous reproduction, similar to the gametophyte generation of ferns?

    <p>Polypodiophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seedless vascular plant group often has a creeping subterranean rhizome, which gives rise to aerial vertical stems with nodes and internodes?

    <p>Equisetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following seedless vascular plant groups usually does not have well-developed true roots?

    <p>Psilotophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of diploidy in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Increased opportunities for variation and adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the gametophyte phase in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>It is independent from the sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key adaptation of seedless vascular plants that allows them to thrive in terrestrial habitats?

    <p>Their vascular tissue, which provides physical and nutritional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference between homosporous and heterosporous reproduction?

    <p>Homosporous reproduction produces one type of spore, while heterosporous reproduction produces two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the prothallus in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>It is the gametophyte phase, producing gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the sporophyte phase in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>It is the autotrophic phase that is dominant in the life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary factor that limited the ability of Bryophytes to radiate and adapt to novel environments?

    <p>Lack of developed conducting tissue (xylem &amp; phloem)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage did the development of vascular tissue provide to plants?

    <p>Allowed them to grow taller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lignin in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant organs developed as a result of the evolution of vascular tissue?

    <p>Roots, leaves, and stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the development of vascular tissue impact the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>It made the sporophyte stage larger and more nutritionally independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sporangia in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Sporogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do homosporous seedless vascular plants differ from heterosporous ones in terms of spore production?

    <p>Homosporous plants produce one type of spores, while heterosporous plants produce two types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gametangia in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>They produce gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the antheridium and the archegonium in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>The antheridium produces sperm, while the archegonium produces eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the protonema in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporangia are found on the adaxial surface of the leaves of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gametophyte phase of seedless vascular plants produces only one type of spore.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heterosporous life cycle involves one size of spore that produces a monoecious gametophyte.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporophyte phase of seedless vascular plants is responsible for producing gametes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circinnate vernation of croziers is a characteristic of homosporous reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The megaspore is the male spore in heterosporous reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In seedless vascular plants, spores germinate to form a diploid gametophyte.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporangia are found in the sori of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gamete transfer and fertilization in seedless vascular plants occur through air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prothallus is a part of the sporophyte generation in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seedless vascular plants reproduce via homosporous reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ferns, the sporophyte is initially dependent on gametophyte (heterotrophic).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophytes have well-developed true roots and leaves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pteridophytes, archegonia have short neck with 6 rows of cells vertically.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporophyte is totally supported by a stalk (seta) in Bryophytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant form and is smaller than the gametophyte.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ferns are climbers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In seedless vascular plants, eusporangia arise from divisions of a single superficial cell initial.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the tapetal layer in sporangium development is to provide nourishment to the developing spores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The annulus is the structure in the sporangium that helps liberate spores with the help of wind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporogenous tissue divides meiotically to form haploid spores in both homosporous and heterosporous reproduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'sori' refers to the clusters where sporangia are borne on the abaxial surface of leaves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gametophyte generation in ferns is characterized by heterosporous reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The seedless vascular plant group Equisetophyta is characterized by the presence of whorled, scale-like microsporophylls and rough, ribbed stems containing silicon dioxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All Polypodiophyta plants are characterized by the presence of sporophytes with enations, similar to the psilophytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of seedless vascular plants reproduce through homosporous reproduction, in which a single type of spore is produced.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All seedless vascular plants possess well-developed true roots, allowing them to extract water and nutrients from the soil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sori, which are clusters of sporangia, are a characteristic feature of all seedless vascular plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gametophyte generation in seedless vascular plants is responsible for producing the spores through sporangia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gametophyte stage is the larger and nutritionally independent stage of the life cycle in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of vascular tissue in plants was primarily driven by the selection pressures to achieve greater elevation above the ground.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporangia in seedless vascular plants are covered by a multicellular layer called the tapetal layer during their development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of lignin allowed for much greater structural support in seedless vascular plants, leading to the growth of significantly taller plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of seedless vascular plants exhibit homosporous reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristic of homosporous reproduction in seedless vascular plants is the production of only one type of spore that develops into a gametophyte.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the protonema in seedless vascular plants is to produce gametes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sporophyte in seedless vascular plants typically does not have well-developed true roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary factor that limited the ability of Bryophytes to radiate and adapt to novel environments was the lack of vascular tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'sori' refers to the clusters where sporangia are borne on the abaxial surface of leaves in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant group characteristics below:

    <p>Bryophytes = Main plant body is a haploid gametophyte. Pteridophytes = Sporophyte is initially dependent on gametophyte (heterotrophic).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics with the correct structures:

    <p>Archegonia with long neck having 6 rows of cells vertically. = Sporophyte supported by a stalk (seta). Archegonia with short neck vertically. = Sporophyte is differentiated into root, stem, and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Homosporous reproduction = Production of only one type of spore that develops into a gametophyte. Heterosporous reproduction = Involves one size of spore that produces a monoecious gametophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Eusporangia = Arise from divisions of a single superficial cell initial. Tapetal layer in sporangium = Primary function is to cover the developing sporangia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the plant groups:

    <p>Prothallus as part of life cycle = Bryophytes Sporophyte as dominant form = Pteridophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their functions:

    <p>Clusters where sporangia are borne on the abaxial surface of leaves = Sori Primary function of sporangia in seedless vascular plants = Produce spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gametophyte type with the reproduction method in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Monoecious gametophyte = Homosporous reproduction Separate gametophytes = Heterosporous reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spore type with the reproductive cycle in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Megaspore (female) and microspore (male) = Heterosporous reproduction One size of spore = Homosporous reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structure type with the location in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Circinnate vernation = Crozier leaves Sori = Abaxial surface of leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spore production type with the sporophyte characteristic in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>One type of spore = Homosporous reproduction Clusters of sporangia on abaxial surface of leaves = Sori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reproductive method with the structure in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Homosporous reproduction = One size of spore Heterosporous reproduction = Megaspore (female) and microspore (male)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structure with its primary function in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Sori = Clusters of sporangia on leaves Tapetal layer = Provide nourishment to developing spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their corresponding description in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = The stage responsible for producing gametes through mitosis Sporangia = Structures where spores are produced through meiosis Sori = Clusters where sporangia are clustered on the underside of leaves Spores = Haploid reproductive cells that give rise to gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective function in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = Produces spores through mitosis Sporangia = Contain sporocyte cells that undergo meiosis to produce spores Sori = Clusters on leaves containing sporangia for spore production Spores = Haploid cells capable of developing into gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their primary role in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = Generation responsible for producing reproductive cells (spores) Sporangia = Organs that produce haploid spores through meiosis Sori = Clusters of sporangia where spores are developed Spores = Haploid cells that give rise to gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their function in seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = Produces spores through mitosis for reproduction Sporangia = Structures containing sporocytes that generate spores via meiosis Sori = Clusters where sporangia are located, aiding in spore dispersal Spores = Haploid cells that have the potential to develop into gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the given terms with their corresponding role in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = Stage that produces spores through mitosis for reproduction Sporangia = Organs where haploid spores are produced through meiosis Sori = Clusters on leaves that house sporangia for spore production Spores = Haploid cells that can develop into gametophytes in the life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following entities with their function in the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants:

    <p>Gametophyte = Generates spores through mitosis for reproduction Sporangia = Sites where sporocytes divide to produce haploid spores via meiosis Sori = Clusters of sporangia that facilitate the dispersal of spores Spores = Haploid cells that have the potential to form gametophytes in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their characteristics:

    <p>Prothallus = A diploid generation that is dependent on the gametophyte Gametophyte = A haploid generation that produces gametes Sporophyte = A generation that grows out of the prothallus Protonema = A juvenile stage of the gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Sporangia = Producing spores Sori = Clusters of sporangia Protonema = Producing gametes Prothallus = Supporting the sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Homosporous reproduction = Producing two types of spores Heterosporous reproduction = Producing one type of spore Sporophyte = A generation that is dependent on the gametophyte Gametophyte = A generation that is self-supporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their locations:

    <p>Sporangia = On the adaxial surface of leaves Protonema = On the surface of the gametophyte Sori = On the abaxial surface of leaves Prothallus = On the surface of the sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Seedless vascular plants = Producing spores for reproduction Bryophytes = Having a dominant gametophyte phase Pteridophyta = Having a dominant sporophyte phase Equisetophyta = Having whorled, scale-like microsporophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their characteristics:

    <p>Spores = Haploid units of reproduction Gametophyte = Haploid generation that produces gametes Sporophyte = Diploid generation that grows out of the prothallus Prothallus = A juvenile stage of the sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures in sporangium development with their functions:

    <p>Tapetal layer = Coats the spores, forming surface features Annulus = Nourishes the developing spores Stomium / Lip cells = Helps to liberate spores with the help of wind Indusium = Covers the developing sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of sporangia with their characteristics:

    <p>Leptosporangia = Spores arise from divisions of many epidermal cell initials Eusporangia = Spores arise from divisions of a superficial epidermal cell initial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of reproduction with their characteristics:

    <p>Gametophyte = Is responsible for producing the spores through sporangia Sporophyte = Produces spores through sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their locations:

    <p>Sori = Abaxial surface of leaves Sporangia = Adaxial surface of leaves Spores = Inside the sporangia Indusium = On the adaxial surface of leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reproduction with their characteristics:

    <p>Homosporous = Produces one type of spore Heterosporous = Produces two types of spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Sporangial stalk / sporangiophore = Supports the sporangium Indusium = Liberates spores with the help of wind Tapetal layer = Nourishes the developing spores Annulus = Covers the developing sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct type of vascular plants:

    <p>Homosporous reproduction = Psilotophyta Heterosporous reproduction = Equisetophyta Well-developed sporophyte = Polypodiophyta Limited to 2 extant genera = Psilotophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their associated functions:

    <p>Sporangia = Spore production Sori = Spore clusters Annulus = Spore liberation Tapetal layer = Spore nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant types with their characteristic structures:

    <p>Equisetophyta = Ribbed stems with nodes and internodes Psilotophyta = Creeping subterranean rhizome Polypodiophyta = Well-developed true roots and stems Lycopodiophyta = Cylindrical branching stem with a central vascular strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Gametophyte = Haploid, produces gametes Sporophyte = Diploid, produces spores Prothallus = Part of sporophyte generation Megasporangium = Produces megaspores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Homosporous = Produces one type of spore Heterosporous = Produces two types of spores Eusporangia = Derived from a single superficial cell Circinnate vernation = Crozier characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their associated outcomes:

    <p>Meiosis = Haploid spore formation Mitosis = Diploid cell division Gametogenesis = Gamete production Sporogenesis = Spore production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant types with their associated reproduction modes:

    <p>Polypodiophyta = Homosporous Equisetophyta = Homosporous Psilotophyta = Homosporous Lycopodiophyta = Heterosporous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their associated plant types:

    <p>Rhizoids = Psilotophyta and Equisetophyta Roots = Polypodiophyta Stomata = Equisetophyta Creeping subterranean rhizome = Psilotophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Protostelic = Central vascular strand Rhizome = Subterranean stem Enations = Scale-like microsporophylls Spores = Reproductive units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant types with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Equisetophyta = Whorled, scale-like microsporophylls Polypodiophyta = Well-developed sporophyte Psilotophyta = Extinct group of plants Lycopodiophyta = Cylindrical branching stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key characteristics of Psilotophyta that distinguish them from other plant groups?

    <p>Small, green whisk-like plants associated with extinct group of plants called the psilophytes, lack true leaves and roots, oldestd known land plants with vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the spore production process in homosporous seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Homosporous seedless vascular plants produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sori in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia that develop on the underside of fern fronds, releasing spores for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between eusporangia and leptosporangia in terms of their origins.

    <p>Eusporangia arise from multiple superficial cell initials, while leptosporangia arise from a single superficial cell initial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of sporangia in the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Sporangia are structures that produce and release spores, facilitating the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tapetal layer in sporangium development in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>The tapetal layer provides nourishment to the developing spores within the sporangium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the significance of the gametophyte stage in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>The gametophyte stage in seedless vascular plants is the stage where gametes are produced through mitosis, leading to fertilization and the formation of the sporophyte stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of spore formation in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Spores are haploid reproductive cells produced through meiosis in sporangia. These spores are then released into the environment for dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sori in seedless vascular plants and where are they typically found?

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia that contain spores. They are usually found on the underside (abaxial surface) of leaves in seedless vascular plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the structure and function of sporangia in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Sporangia are structures that produce and contain spores in seedless vascular plants. They are crucial for the dispersal of reproductive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of sporophytes in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Sporophytes are the dominant, diploid stage in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants. They are larger, nutritionally independent, and responsible for spore production and dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seedless vascular plants ensure the dispersal of spores?

    <p>Seedless vascular plants disperse spores through structures like sori on the underside of leaves, allowing for wind or other means of transport to carry spores away for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the significance of spores in the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Spores serve as the primary means of reproduction in seedless vascular plants, allowing for dispersal and the development of new gametophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the relationship between sori and sporangia in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia that contain spores in seedless vascular plants. The sporangia within sori are responsible for spore production and dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seedless vascular plants utilize sporangia for reproduction?

    <p>Sporangia are structures in seedless vascular plants that produce spores through meiosis. These spores are then released for dispersal, contributing to reproductive success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the importance of the gametophyte stage in the alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>The gametophyte stage represents the haploid phase in the alternation of generations of seedless vascular plants. It is the stage where gametes are produced for fertilization and the continuation of the plant life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the main difference between homosporous and heterosporous reproduction in seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Homosporous reproduction involves one type of spore that produces a monoecious gametophyte, whereas heterosporous reproduction involves two sizes of spores (megaspore and microspore) that produce separate gametophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the prothallus in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>The prothallus is a structure produced by the gametophyte that nourishes the developing sporophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sori in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia borne on the abaxial surface of leaves, where spores are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of spore production in homosporous seedless vascular plants.

    <p>A sporophyte produces one type of spore through meiosis, which then develops into a monoecious gametophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a megaspore and a microspore in heterosporous reproduction?

    <p>A megaspore is the larger spore that develops into a female gametophyte, while a microspore is the smaller spore that develops into a male gametophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tapetal layer in sporangium development?

    <p>The tapetal layer provides nourishment to the developing spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of diploidy in the development of seedless vascular plants, and how does it relate to the expression of alleles?

    <p>Diploidy allows for greater development of the plant body, offering more sites for meiosis to take place, which increases opportunities for variation and provides more options in an increasingly competitive environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the development of vascular tissue impact the reproduction of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>The development of vascular tissue allows for increased physical and nutritional support, leading to larger plant size, increased range, and better adaptation to terrestrial habitats, which in turn affects gamete transfer and fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the prothallus in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants, and how does it differ from the sporophyte?

    <p>The prothallus is an avascular gametophyte that germinates from spores and is independent from the sporophyte, whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle, being self-supporting and varied in form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sori in seedless vascular plants, and how do they relate to sporangia?

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia, characteristic of seedless vascular plants, which provide a structure for spore production and dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seedless vascular plants reproduce, and what is the role of the sporophyte and gametophyte in this process?

    <p>Seedless vascular plants reproduce via homosporous reproduction, where the sporophyte produces spores that germinate into an independent gametophyte, which in turn produces gametes for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sporangia in seedless vascular plants, and how do they relate to spore production?

    <p>The primary function of sporangia is to produce spores, which are then dispersed through sori, allowing seedless vascular plants to reproduce and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the indusium in reproduction, and how does it relate to the development of sporangia?

    <p>The indusium is a protective covering that degenerates as sporangia mature, allowing for the release of spores. It is a critical structure in the reproduction of seedless vascular plants, providing a sheltered environment for sporangial development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare and contrast leptosporangia and eusporangia in terms of their development and spore production.

    <p>Leptosporangia develop from a single superficial epidermal cell and produce fewer spores, whereas eusporangia develop from multiple epidermal cell initials and produce many more spores. Leptosporangia have a one-cell-layer wall, while eusporangia have a multi-cell-layer wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the tapetal layer in sporangium development, and explain its significance in the reproductive cycle.

    <p>The tapetal layer is a nourishing layer that coats the developing spores, forming surface features such as ridges and spines. It plays a crucial role in spore development and maturation, and is essential for the reproduction of seedless vascular plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the annulus and stomium in the liberation of spores, and how do they facilitate reproduction?

    <p>The annulus and stomium are structures that facilitate the dehiscence of spores, allowing for their release into the environment. They play a crucial role in the reproductive cycle, enabling the dispersal of spores and the propagation of seedless vascular plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of sori and their significance in the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants.

    <p>Sori are clusters of sporangia borne on the abaxial surface of leaves, which develop and mature to produce spores. They play a crucial role in the reproductive cycle of seedless vascular plants, providing a platform for spore production and dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the sporangial stalk (sporangiophore) in the development and maturation of sporangia.

    <p>The sporangial stalk (sporangiophore) is a structure that connects the sporangium to the rest of the plant, providing physical support and allowing for the development and maturation of sporangia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the sporophyte in seedless vascular plants in relation to the gametophyte. Why is this significant?

    <p>In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte is initially dependent on the gametophyte (heterotrophic). However, in ferns, the sporophyte becomes autotrophic at maturity and larger than the gametophyte, marking a significant evolutionary step in plant development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the characteristics of homosporous reproduction in seedless vascular plants. What is a major difference between homosporous and heterosporous reproduction?

    <p>In homosporous reproduction, a single type of spore that develops into a gametophyte is produced. This is the primary characteristic of homosporous reproduction. The major difference from heterosporous reproduction is that heterosporous species produce two distinct types of spores (megaspores and microspores).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seedless vascular plants adapt to the terrestrial environment? Describe the role of lignin in this context.

    <p>A key adaptation of seedless vascular plants that allows them to thrive in terrestrial habitats is the development of vascular tissues, which provide support and transport nutrients. Lignin plays a crucial role in strengthening the cell walls of these vascular tissues, contributing to plant rigidity and support against the force of gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the defining characteristics of the gametophyte generation in ferns?

    <p>The gametophyte generation in ferns is characterized by heterosporous reproduction, where both archegonia and antheridia are present on the gametophyte. The gametophyte is often small and heart-shaped, containing chlorophyll and generating its own food through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the role of sporangia and sori in seedless vascular plants. How are developing sporangia protected?

    <p>Sporangia are responsible for the production and containment of spores in seedless vascular plants. In ferns, sporangia are arranged in clusters called sori, which are typically found on the underside of leaves. Developing sporangia are protected by a multicellular layer called the tapetal layer, which provides nourishment and support during development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the evolutionary significance of the sporophyte's increased differentiation into roots, stem, and leaves in ferns.

    <p>The increased differentiation of the sporophyte into roots, stem, and leaves in ferns marks a significant evolutionary step in plant development, indicating the transition from gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance. This differentiation allows ferns to adapt to diverse environments and improve their acquisition of resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

    • Bryophytes: main plant body is a haploid gametophyte, cuticle very poorly developed, true roots and leaves are absent, and vascular tissue is absent
    • Pteridophytes: main plant body is a diploid sporophyte, cuticle is well developed, true roots and leaves are present, and vascular tissue is present

    Ferns and Fern-Allies

    • Range from a few cm to 20m tall, including climbers, herbs, and "tree" ferns
    • Most ferns are herbaceous plants
    • First major elaboration of leaf morphology: petiole and lamina differentiated, with all possible variations on compound leaf theme
    • Sporophyte is the dominant form, larger than the gametophyte
    • Four phyla: Psilophyta, Equisetophyta, Lycopodiophyta, and Polypodiophyta

    Seedless Vascular Plants

    • Limited ability to radiate and adapt to novel environments due to lack of cuticle and developed conducting tissue
    • Selection pressures led to the evolution of vascular tissue, allowing plants to grow taller and access more sunlight
    • Tracheophytes: plants with vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem
    • Vascular tissue allowed for:
      • Greater structural support
      • Development of organs such as roots, leaves, and stems
      • Increased height and range, with less dependence on free water
      • New methods of spore dispersal

    Life Cycle

    • Alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte
    • Sporophyte is the dominant phase, self-supporting, and quite varied in form
    • Leaves possess developed cuticle
    • Gamete transfer and fertilization is still carried out by water
    • Spores germinate to form an avascular gametophyte or prothallus, which is independent from the sporophyte and usually much smaller

    Reproduction

    • Homosporous life cycle: one size of spore, produces a monoecious gametophyte, which produces egg and sperm cells
    • Heterosporous life cycle: two sizes of spores, a megaspore (female) and a microspore (male), producing separate gametophytes
    • Sporangia housed in clusters borne on the abaxial surface of the leaves, called sori

    Taxonomy

    • Polypodiophyta: the true ferns, large sporophyte, some homosporous
    • Psilotophyta: whisk ferns, small, green, whisk-like plants, associated with extinct group of plants called the psilophytes
    • Equisetophyta: horsetails and scouring rushes, ribbed stems, whorled, scale-like microsporophylls
    • Lycopodiophyta: club mosses, well-developed sporophyte, some homosporous### Polypodiophyta (True Ferns)
    • Large sporophyte
    • Some homosporous
    • Examples: Nephrolepis (Common Fern), Cyathea (Tree Fern)

    Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns)

    • Small, green whisk-like plants
    • Associated with extinct group of plants called the psilophytes
    • Limited to 2 extant genera
    • Lack true leaves and roots
    • Include the oldest known land plants with vascular tissue
    • Sporophyte has:
      • Enations (scale-like microsporophylls)
      • Creeping subterranean rhizome and a cylindrical branching stem with a central vascular strand (protostelic)
      • Rhizoids emerge along the rhizome
    • Classified with ferns due to similarities in the gametophyte generation
    • Homosporous
    • Examples: Isoetes, Psilotum

    Equisetophyta (Horsetails & Scouring Rushes)

    • Ribbed stems rough to the feel (SiO2)
    • Whorled, scale-like microsporophylls
    • Sporophyte has:
      • Aerial vertical stems with nodes & internodes (protostelic) with canals
      • Stem develops from a subterranean rhizome
      • Numerous stomata
      • Rhizoids emerge along the rhizome
    • Classified with ferns due to similarities in the gametophyte generation
    • Homosporous
    • Examples: Equisetum pratense, Equisetum sp.

    Lycopodiophyta (Club Moss)

    • Examples: Lycopodium sp., Selaginella plana

    Seedless Vascular Plants

    • Characteristics:
      • Larger physical size
      • Increased range
      • Better adaptation to terrestrial habitats
      • New methods of spore dispersal
    • Alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte
    • Leaves possess developed cuticle
    • Gamete transfer and fertilization is still carried out by water
    • Sporophyte is now the dominant phase of the life cycle and is quite varied in form

    Reproduction

    • Two types of sporangia:
      • Leptosporangia
      • Eusporangia
    • Sporangium develops from:
      • Group of superficial cells
      • Single superficial cell
    • Sporogenous tissue divides and forms haploid spores
    • Taxonomical characters of spore include:
      • a, b, c, d

    Ferns / Fern-Allies

    • Range from a few cm through 20m tall
    • Climbers, herbs, “tree” ferns
    • Most ferns are herbaceous plants
    • First major elaboration of leaf morphology
    • Petiole and lamina differentiated
    • Sporophyte now the dominant form
    • Larger than the gametophyte
    • Four Phyla:
      1. Psilotophyta
      2. Equisetophyta
      3. Lycopodiophyta
      4. Polypodiophyta

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    Test your knowledge on the development of sporangia within sori, covering topics like indusium, tapetal layer, annulus, and dehiscence. Explore the types of sporangia and the process of spore liberation.

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