Questions and Answers
Who was the first person to attempt to organize and classify plants?
Theophrastus
How many plants did Theophrastus classify?
nearly 500
How did Theophrastus classify/differentiate plants?
into trees, shrubs, herbs, distinctions based on leaf characteristics
When was the distinction between monocots and dicots made?
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When were details of fruit flower structure, in addition to form and habit, used in classification schemes?
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What are polynomials?
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What is the first word of the latin phrase for polynomials and binomials?
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What was the first book used by taxonomists to assign names?
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Who wrote Species Plantarum?
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How many words did Linnaeus limit each Latin phrase to?
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In Species Plantarum what is included?
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Who established the Binomial System of Nomenclature?
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What is the structure of the Binomial System?
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What is the abbreviated designation in Linnaeus's nomenclature?
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How many classes did Linnaeus organize all known plants into?
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What did Linnaeus base his 24 classes on?
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How was Linnaeus' system arranged?
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Who first introduced 'species' as a classification term for plants?
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What does ICBN stand for?
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What is the ICBN?
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When was the first ICBN meeting?
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How often do botanists meet to discuss the ICBN?
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Where do botanists meet to discuss the ICBN?
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What is the recognized starting point for all scientific names of plants?
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What has priority over all others in the ICBN?
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Who follows the ICBN rules?
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What is the ICBN's 2 Steps to have a new plant officially recognized?
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What does ICNCP stand for?
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When was the proposal for an independent set of nomenclature rules for cultivated plants published?
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When was the first edition of the ICNCP published?
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What is a cultigen?
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How can a cultigen arise?
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Study Notes
Theophrastus and Plant Classification
- Theophrastus, a 4th-century BC philosopher, was the first to classify plants.
- He categorized nearly 500 plants based on characteristics like leaves, creating divisions among trees, shrubs, and herbs.
Development of Plant Classification
- The distinction between monocots and dicots emerged in the 13th century, focusing on stem structure.
- In the 18th century, classification schemes included details about fruit and flower structures alongside plant forms and habits.
Nomenclature Systems
- Polynomials are Latin phrase names used for plant classification, containing multiple words.
- Linnaeus introduced the binomial system, a simplified two-word naming convention consisting of genus and species.
Key Works and Contributions
- Linnaeus authored "Species Plantarum" in 1753, a foundational text for taxonomists.
- This book had essential elements: a reference list of earlier names, restructured phrases to show relationships, limits on names to 12 words, and the introduction of a two-word (binomial) naming system.
Linnaeus's Classification System
- Linnaeus organized plants into 24 classes primarily based on the number of stamens for convenience.
- His system did not accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships.
International Standards and Codes
- The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) standardizes rules for naming and classifying plants.
- The first ICBN meeting occurred in 1867 in Paris, with subsequent meetings held every six years at the International Botanical Congress.
Recognition and Priority
- Linnaeus's "Species Plantarum" serves as the starting point for all scientific plant names.
- Linnaeus's binomials hold priority under ICBN regulations, ensuring consistent naming across all botanical disciplines.
Recognition of New Plant Species
- To officially recognize a new plant, two steps must be followed: depositing DNA sequence data in a public database and providing an annotated herbarium specimen accessible for public review.
Cultivated Plants and Nomenclature
- The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) was proposed in 1952 and saw its first edition published in 1953, focusing on cultivated species.
- A cultigen is defined as a cultivated plant primarily developed through intentional human activity, which can arise from hybridization or selection from existing cultivars.
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Description
Test your knowledge of plant classification with flashcards from Chapter 16 of Botany. Learn about Theophrastus and his early contributions to the organization of plants. Review key concepts including plant categories and classification methods.