Body Water and Homeostasis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

Slow mechanisms for feedback control

Enhancing metabolic processes

Regulation of hormone secretion

Rapid responding systems (correct)

Which mechanism is an example of negative feedback in the body?

Decreased cardiac output leading to heart failure

Increased insulin secretion lowering blood glucose (correct)

Increased metabolic rate during heat stroke

Heightened uterine contractions during labor

What type of feedback mechanism usually disrupts homeostasis?

Positive feedback (correct)

Adaptive feedback

Negative feedback

Controlled feedback

During which process does positive feedback play a crucial role?

Cervical dilatation during labor Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is an increase in arterial blood pressure?

Reflex vasodilation and decreased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of structure and function in the human body?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF) in an average adult?

67% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is predominantly found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Chloride Signup and view all the answers

How much total fluid does an average adult weighing 70 Kg contain?

40-42 liters Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is found in the spaces between cells, contributing to extracellular fluid?

Interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the intracellular fluid (ICF) composition?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of plasma as part of the internal environment?

Supplies cells with nutrients Signup and view all the answers

How much interstitial fluid is typically present in the human body?

10-12 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic required of the dye used in the indicator or dye dilution technique?

Must not be toxic Signup and view all the answers

Which dye is most frequently used for measuring total body water (TBW)?

Deuterium oxide (D2O) Signup and view all the answers

How is the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) measured?

Using mannitol, inulin, or sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the percentage of body water as a person ages?

It decreases due to fat accumulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about intracellular fluid (ICF) volume is correct?

It is determined by subtracting ECF volume from TBW Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of body water in physiological functions?

Facilitates all chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is specifically used to measure plasma volume?

Evans blue dye Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in body fat percentage have on the percentage of body water?

It decreases body water percentage Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that involves using 0.58 Co of energy to evaporate each gram of water?

Latent heat of evaporation Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily regulates urine volume in the body?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical daily water intake needed to maintain body water balance?

2400 ml/day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of ADH in water regulation?

Reduces urine volume Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of endogenous water within the body?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method through which body water is lost?

Metabolic water generation Signup and view all the answers

How is the thirst sensation triggered in the body?

High plasma osmolarity Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in metabolic functions?

It aids in digestion and absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is uniquely associated with RNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes deoxy-ribose from ribose?

Absence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position Signup and view all the answers

In the structure of nucleic acids, which classification primarily utilizes ribose?

RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures contains deoxy-ribose?

DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the pentose sugars in nucleic acids?

Form the structural backbone of nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is classified as a pentose?

Ribulose Signup and view all the answers

What type of sugar is erythrose categorized as?

Tetrose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a ketose?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of fructose based on its carbon count?

Hexose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aldohexoses is true?

They are the most abundant monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biochemistry?

To supply immediate energy and support cellular functions Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is primarily used as an energy source by the body's cells?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of linking monosaccharides to form polysaccharides called?

Dehydration synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of carbohydrates?

They contain a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is indigestible by humans but important for digestive health?

Fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy role of monosaccharides in biological systems?

They serve as the major source of energy for cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the biological importance of monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides are the main energy source for human and animal tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT a known function of monosaccharides?

They store genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

Why are monosaccharides considered vital for energy metabolism in organisms?

They are the simplest forms of carbohydrates and easily utilized by cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do monosaccharides primarily impact human nutrition?

They provide the major source of energy necessary for human and animal tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What general formula represents the structure of carbohydrates?

C_nH_{2n}O_n Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to the classification of sugars?

Presence of a carboxyl group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an aldehyde sugar?

A sugar with a double bond between carbon and oxygen at the end of the carbon chain Signup and view all the answers

In the formula C_nH_{2n}O_n, what does the variable 'n' represent?

The number of carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a ketone sugar from an aldehyde sugar?

The position of the carbonyl group within the carbon chain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Water

Definition: The body's water content is maintained through equilibrium between water intake and output.
Daily water intake: 2400 ml including exogenous water (from food and drink) and endogenous water (produced by metabolism).
Daily water output: 2400 ml through urine, insensible loss (through the lungs and skin), sweat, and feces.
Control of water balance:
- Input: Thirst stimulation by the thirst center in the anterior hypothalamus, triggered by hypertonicity (increased plasma osmolarity), hypovolemia (decreased blood volume), and angiotensin II.
- Output: Urine volume is regulated by the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH secretion is stimulated by hypertonicity and hypovolemia, allowing for increased water retention.

Homeostasis

Definition: The body's water content is regulated by the balance between water intake and output.: Mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment.
Maintained factors: Body water, ions, body temperature, blood glucose, pH, blood pressure.
Definition: The mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment.
Maintained factors: Body water, ions, body temperature, blood glucose, pH, blood pressure.
Mechanisms:
- Nervous System: Rapid adjustment
- Endocrine System: Slower adjustment
- Feedback Mechanisms:
  - Negative Feedback: Response inhibits the stimulus. For example, increased CO2 leads to hyperventilation, reducing CO2 levels to normal; increased blood glucose leads to increased insulin secretion, reducing glucose levels to normal; increased blood pressure leads to vasodilation and reduced heart rate, lowering blood pressure to normal.
  - Positive Feedback: Response amplifies the stimulus. Usually disrupts homeostasis (e.g., heart failure, heat stroke), but can be beneficial in some situations (e.g., labor contractions).

Organization of the Human Body

Cells: Basic unit of structure and function.
Components: Nucleus, cell organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes), plasma membrane.
Plasma membrane: Controls the movement of substances between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together.
Organs: Groups of different tissues performing a specific function.
Systems: Groups of organs working together.
Human Body: An integrated system of all the above levels.

Body Fluids

Definition: Solutions of water containing organic (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) and inorganic (ions) molecules.
Total Body Water: About 65 % of body weight, approximately 40-42 liters in a 70 kg adult.
Compartments:
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid inside cells, representing 2/3 of total body water (25-28 liters).
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, representing 1/3 of total body water (14-15 liters).
  - Plasma: Fluid inside blood vessels, representing 3-3.5 liters.
  - Interstitial Fluid: Fluid in spaces between cells, representing 10-12 liters.
  - Trans-cellular Fluid: Fluid in body cavities (GIT, eye, joints, cerebrospinal fluid), representing 1 liter.

Body Fluid Composition

ECF: High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions.
ICF: High concentrations of potassium, protein, phosphate, and magnesium.

Measuring Body Fluid Volume

Indicator Dilution Technique:
- Inject a known amount of a non-toxic, non-metabolized, rapidly distributed dye into the compartment.
- Allow enough time for even distribution.
- Measure dye concentration in the compartment.
- Calculate compartment volume using: (Amount of dye injected) / (Concentration of dye).
Total Body Water (TBW): Indicators include deuterium oxide (D2O), aminopyrine, and tritium oxide - distributed throughout ICF and ECF.
Extracellular Fluid Volume (ECF): Indicators include mannitol, inulin, and sucrose - distributed in ECF only, not entering ICF.
Intracellular Fluid Volume: Calculated by subtracting ECF volume from TBW.
Plasma Volume: Indicators include Evans blue dye (bound to plasma protein) and radioactive iodine-labeled serum albumin.

Water Percentage in the Body

Female: 50% of TWB
Male: 60% of TWB
Children: 70% of TWB
Old Age: Decreased percentage of TWB.

Factors Influencing Water Percentage

Increased Fat: Decreased water percentage.
Increased Age: Decreased water percentage.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids contain pentose sugars
Ribose is found in RNA
Deoxyribose is found in DNA

Carbohydrates

The general formula for carbohydrates is CnH2nOn or (CH2O)n
Carbohydrates are classified by the number of carbon atoms and the type of carbonyl group present (aldehyde or ketone).
Aldoses contain an aldehyde group.
Ketoses contain a ketone group.

Monosaccharide Classification

Trioses contain 3 carbon atoms
- Glyceraldehyde (aldose)
- Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)
Tetroses contain 4 carbon atoms
- Erythrose (aldose)
- Erythrulose (ketose)
Pentoses contain 5 carbon atoms
- Arabinose (aldose)
- Ribose (aldose)
- Xylose (aldose)
- Xylulose (ketose)
- Ribulose (ketose)
Hexoses contain 6 carbon atoms
- Glucose (aldose)
- Galactose (aldose)
- Mannose (aldose)
- Fructose (ketose)
Heptoses contain 7 carbon atoms
- Sedoheptulose (ketose)
- Aldohexoses are the most abundant monosaccharides.

Biological Importance of Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the primary energy source for humans and animal tissues.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the body's water balance and homeostasis mechanisms. This quiz covers daily water intake and output, regulation of water balance, and the various factors that contribute to maintaining a stable internal environment. Perfect for students studying physiology or related fields.