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Questions and Answers
What is the critical value at which the pH of the extracellular fluid must be maintained?
What is the critical value at which the pH of the extracellular fluid must be maintained?
- 7.0
- 7.4 (correct)
- 7.2
- 7.8
Which symptom would most likely indicate dehydration in a 9-month-old child?
Which symptom would most likely indicate dehydration in a 9-month-old child?
- Sunken anterior fontanel (correct)
- Elevated blood pressure
- Increased respiratory rate
- Excessive urination
What fluid balance alteration is indicated by hypernatremia?
What fluid balance alteration is indicated by hypernatremia?
- Low potassium concentration
- Normal sodium concentration
- Low sodium concentration
- High sodium concentration (correct)
What type of solution was used to treat the 86-year-old man with hypernatremia?
What type of solution was used to treat the 86-year-old man with hypernatremia?
How does body temperature relate to homeostasis?
How does body temperature relate to homeostasis?
What condition can result from inadequate water and electrolyte balance?
What condition can result from inadequate water and electrolyte balance?
In the context of homeostasis, what does the term physiological limits refer to?
In the context of homeostasis, what does the term physiological limits refer to?
Why are feedback signals crucial in homeostatic mechanisms?
Why are feedback signals crucial in homeostatic mechanisms?
What is the minimum urine output required to maintain neutral solute balance?
What is the minimum urine output required to maintain neutral solute balance?
What occurs if someone does not produce at least 500 mL of urine daily?
What occurs if someone does not produce at least 500 mL of urine daily?
What is the term for the amount of water loss that is considered obligatory?
What is the term for the amount of water loss that is considered obligatory?
What substances may build up in the body during renal failure due to inadequate urine output?
What substances may build up in the body during renal failure due to inadequate urine output?
Which factor does NOT influence the distribution of body fluids?
Which factor does NOT influence the distribution of body fluids?
Which of the following best describes 'obligate water loss'?
Which of the following best describes 'obligate water loss'?
Which value represents the osmolarity levels related to water release in mOsmol?
Which value represents the osmolarity levels related to water release in mOsmol?
What is likely to happen if someone experiences excessive water retention?
What is likely to happen if someone experiences excessive water retention?
What is the estimated percentage of body weight that water accounts for in men?
What is the estimated percentage of body weight that water accounts for in men?
Why do women generally have less body water compared to men?
Why do women generally have less body water compared to men?
What is the body water percentage for women according to the 60-40-20 rule?
What is the body water percentage for women according to the 60-40-20 rule?
Based on the provided information, what is the significant relationship described between plasma and interstitial fluid?
Based on the provided information, what is the significant relationship described between plasma and interstitial fluid?
If men weigh 70 kg, how much of that weight is accounted for by water?
If men weigh 70 kg, how much of that weight is accounted for by water?
How is body fat related to the amount of water a person has?
How is body fat related to the amount of water a person has?
What is the total volume of interstitial fluid if 50% of GORg is 30L?
What is the total volume of interstitial fluid if 50% of GORg is 30L?
What is an implication of the 60-40-20 rule for athletes?
What is an implication of the 60-40-20 rule for athletes?
What does osmolarity measure in a solution?
What does osmolarity measure in a solution?
What direction does water move in relation to solute concentration?
What direction does water move in relation to solute concentration?
When does water stop moving between different concentrations of solute?
When does water stop moving between different concentrations of solute?
Which statement is true regarding osmolarity?
Which statement is true regarding osmolarity?
What happens to solute concentration when water moves freely between two solutions?
What happens to solute concentration when water moves freely between two solutions?
What role do aquaporins play in cells?
What role do aquaporins play in cells?
How does water primarily move across cellular membranes?
How does water primarily move across cellular membranes?
What regulates the thirst mechanisms in the body?
What regulates the thirst mechanisms in the body?
What is the primary factor that maintains total body water balance?
What is the primary factor that maintains total body water balance?
Which process is involved in the passive movement of water?
Which process is involved in the passive movement of water?
What happens to water molecules that slip between adjacent membrane phospholipid molecules?
What happens to water molecules that slip between adjacent membrane phospholipid molecules?
What is the function of ion channels in water movement?
What is the function of ion channels in water movement?
Which of the following is NOT a method by which cells can regulate water movement?
Which of the following is NOT a method by which cells can regulate water movement?
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Study Notes
Homeostasis and Water Balance
- Homeostasis maintains the internal environment within physiological limits, crucial for survival.
- Blood pH must be kept around 7.4, and body temperature should be maintained at approximately 37.5°C.
- Nutrient and oxygen supply to cells is essential for proper metabolism.
- Homeostatic mechanisms utilize feedback signals to regulate water and electrolyte balance, aiming for optimal osmolarity.
Clinical Cases
- Case 1 (9-month-old boy): Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, and decreased skin turgor. Treatment involved intravenous glucose saline.
- Case 2 (86-year-old man): Presented with lethargy, refusal to drink, sunken eyes, and dry mouth, indicating severe dehydration. Lab results showed hypernatremia and increased plasma osmolarity. Treated with 5% glucose in saline.
Body Fluid Compartments
- Body fluid distribution varies with age, sex, and body fat percentage.
- Men typically have 60% body weight as water, while women have 50%, attributed to higher body fat in women.
- The "60-40-20 Rule":
- 60% of body weight is water
- Approximately 40% is intracellular fluid
- Around 20% is extracellular fluid
Urine Output and Obligatory Water Loss
- Minimum urine output of 500 mL/day is critical for solute balance (termed "Obligate water loss").
- Inadequate urine production can lead to renal failure, causing toxic substances like sodium and potassium to accumulate.
Osmolarity and Water Movement
- Osmolarity is the concentration of a solution, affecting water movement through semi-permeable membranes.
- Water moves from low to high solute concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
- Cellular edema occurs when excess fluid accumulates in cells, often due to osmotic imbalances.
Regulation of Total Body Water
- Balance between water intake and excretion is vital for maintaining steady-state conditions.
- Hypothalamic mechanisms play a significant role in regulating thirst, influencing water intake.
- Aquaporins, ion channels, and transporters are essential for water movement in and out of cells, facilitating both passive and facilitated diffusion.
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