BMS2037 Pseudomonadaceae & Opportunistic Pathogens
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary habitat of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

  • Soil and water (correct)
  • Human skin and respiratory tract
  • Water and rice paddies
  • Blood bank products

    • What is the case fatality rate of melioidosis in some tropical countries?

  • 20-35%
  • 10-20%
  • ~35-75% (correct)
  • 80-90%

    • What is the longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis?

  • 20 years
  • 30 years
  • 40 years
  • ~62 years (correct)

    • Which phylum does the Pseudomonadaceae family belong to?

    <p>Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei?

    <p>Geographic distribution and habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the delayed presentation of melioidosis?

    <p>The Vietnam time-bomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of immune evasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Capsule formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pseudomonadaceae?

    <p>Fermentative metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei?

    <p>Melioidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Impairing ciliary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of environmental survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

    <p>14 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus is closely related to Pseudomonas?

    <p>Burkholderia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor that increases the severity of melioidosis?

    <p>Diabetes, renal failure, and HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Breaking down proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>Ability to cause disease in immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of faecal carriage rates in vegetarians?

    <p>15-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiply in?

    <p>Nutritionally poor environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of infection for Pseudomonas fluorescens?

    <p>Rare cases of cold storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-pathogenic species of Pseudomonas?

    <p>Pseudomonas putida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of infection for Burkholderia cepacia?

    <p>CF lung infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rare cause of endotoxic shock?

    <p>Pseudomonas putida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease caused by Burkholderia mallei?

    <p>Glanders in horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of API 20NE assimilation tests?

    <p>To identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genera is associated with glanders?

    <p>Burkholderia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of glanders?

    <p>Low infectious dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal species are commonly affected by glanders?

    <p>Horses and donkeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of glanders?

    <p>Cutaneous ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was glanders eradicated in 1906?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suspected reason for an outbreak of glanders in a Chinese village in 1942-3?

    <p>Japanese biowarfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to an increase in bacteraemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related pseudomonads over the last 30 years?

    <p>Features of P. aeruginosa and related pseudomonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common occupation of people who are at risk of contracting glanders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Multifactorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Stimulates an inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can Pseudomonas aeruginosa be found in hospital environments?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Damages tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an opportunistic pathogen related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Burkholderia cepacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the capsule on Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Evasion of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus Stenotrophomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 10 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes is a risk factor that decreases the severity of melioidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary disease is a rare manifestation of melioidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in animals in Southeast Asia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis is 20 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas syringae is a model opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia cepacia is a poor pathogen that can grow at 4°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthamonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rastonia is a genus that can cause infections in humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are higher in non-vegetarians.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    API 20NE assimilation tests are used to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aviation fuel.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a primary pathogen of plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ralstonia solanacearum is a pathogen of animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia is a genus that can cause infections in both humans and animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthomonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in soil and water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas marginalis is a pathogen of humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pseudomonadaceae family includes only the genus Pseudomonas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas syringae is a pathogen of animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia mallei is a biological weapon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glanders can be eradicated from a region in a short period of time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary abscesses are a symptom of glanders.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not an opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia mallei causes melioidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthamonas is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in urine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glanders has been eradicated globally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 14 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glanders is a disease that primarily affects humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of melioidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can only cause pneumonia in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glanders has been eradicated in all parts of the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Actinobacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a facultative anaerobe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus Rastonia is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyocyanin is a siderophore that stimulates an inflammatory response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus Zyomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species of Burkholderia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are between 5-10% in vegetarians.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rastonia is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a poor pathogen that can only grow at 4°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    API 20NE assimilation tests are used to diagnose melioidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stenotrophomonas is not a genus that can cause infections in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

    • Can multiply in nutritionally poor environments, such as aviation fuel, distilled water, photographic chemicals, cosmetics, and plasticisers.
    • Faecal carriage rates are between 15% and 25%, with higher rates in vegetarians.
    • Many genera and species within the group, including Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.
    • Aside from Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas can also cause infections in humans.

    Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections

    • Opportunistic: exploits failings in host defences to initiate infection.
    • Can cause infections in immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients.

    Burkholderia Pseudomallei - Melioidosis

    • Occurs as a saprophyte in parts of Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and North Australia.
    • Found in soil, water, and rice paddies, with long-term environmental survival (up to 14 years).
    • Causes severe infections in animals and humans in some tropical countries, with a 20% case fatality rate in Thailand.
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: opportunistic infections in humans, including immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients.
    • Burkholderia cepacia: opportunistic infections in CF lung patients.
    • Burkholderia mallei: causes glanders in horses and rarely in humans.
    • Burkholderia pseudomallei: causes melioidosis in humans and farm animals in tropical countries.

    Characteristics of Pseudomonadaceae

    • Gram-negative.
    • Polar flagella.
    • Strictly aerobic (except for Zyomonas).
    • Many genera and species within the group, including Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.

    Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

    • Multifactorial, with no single mechanism.
    • Structural factors: adhesins, pili, EPS, LPS, capsule, and pyocyanin.
    • Pyocyanin: impairs ciliary function, stimulates inflammatory response, and is a siderophore.
    • Exotoxins: inhibit protein synthesis and cause tissue damage.
    • Enzymes: elastase, protease, and haemolysins.

    Survival of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

    • Can survive in hospital environments, including mops, sinks, toilets, dialysis equipment, respiratory tubing, and cut flowers.

    Pseudomonadaceae and Opportunistic Pathogens

    • The Pseudomonadaceae family includes diverse genera such as Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.
    • These bacteria are Gram-negative, have polar flagella, and are strictly aerobic.
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that exploits weakened host defenses to initiate infection.

    Characteristics of P. aeruginosa

    • Has a capsule that evades immune cells and antibiotics
    • Produces pyocyanin, which impairs ciliary function, stimulates an inflammatory response, and is a siderophore
    • Secrete exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis and cause tissue damage
    • Has adhesins, pili, EPS, and LPS, which contribute to its pathogenesis
    • Causes a range of infections, including gastrointestinal, skin, and soft tissue infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals

    Environmental Significance of Pseudomonads

    • Ubiquitous in the environment, found in soil, decaying organic matter, vegetation, and water
    • Can multiply in nutritionally poor environments, such as distilled water and photographic chemicals
    • Faecal carriage rates are between 15-25%

    Pseudomonas syringae

    • A plant pathogen that causes wilt diseases in many cultivated plants, including potatoes and tomatoes
    • Causes chlorosis and necrotic legions on leaves

    Burkholderia

    • Burkholderia cepacia can cause opportunistic infections in cystic fibrosis patients
    • Burkholderia mallei causes glanders in horses and rarely in humans
    • Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis in humans and animals, particularly in Southeast Asia and tropical regions

    Melioidosis

    • Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which survives for long periods in soil and water
    • Causes severe infections in animals and humans, with a high case fatality rate
    • Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades
    • Can be a biological weapon due to its low infectious dose and high mortality rate

    Pseudomonadaceae & Other Opportunistic Pathogens

    • The Pseudomonadaceae family includes a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria, with a focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    Classification of Pseudomonadaceae

    • Domain: Bacteria
    • Phylum: Proteobacteria
    • Class: Beta and Gamma
    • Order: Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales
    • Family: Burkholderiaceae and Pseudomonadaceae
    • Genus: Burkholderia and Pseudomonas
    • Species: cepacia and aeruginosa

    Characteristics of Pseudomonadaceae

    • Gram-negative
    • Polar flagella
    • Strictly aerobic
    • Many genera and species within the group, including:
      • Pseudomonas
      • Burkholderia
      • Xanthamonas
      • Rastonia
      • Zyomonas
      • Sphingomonas
      • Stenotrophomonas

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    • Causes infections in humans, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients
    • Ubiquitous, can multiply in nutritionally poor environments
    • Faecal carriage rates are between 15-25% (higher in vegetarians)
    • Pathogenesis: No single mechanism – multifactorial
    • Structurally, P. aeruginosa has:
      • Adhesins / pili / EPS / LPS
      • Capsule (evades immune cells & antibiotics)
      • Pyocyanin: impairs ciliary function, stimulates inflammatory response, and is a siderophore
      • Exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis, cause tissue damage
      • Cytotoxin: Leukocyte damage, pulmonary injury
      • Enzymes: Elastase, protease, haemolysins

    Other Opportunistic Pathogens

    • Burkholderia cepacia: Opportunistic infection in CF lung infections
    • Burkholderia mallei: Glanders in horses, rarely in humans
    • Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis in humans and farm animals, particularly in tropical countries
    • Pseudomonas syringae: Plant pathogen, environmental significance

    Pseudomonas syringae

    Other Genera Causing Infections

    • Burkholderia: Opportunistic infection in CF lung infections
    • Xanthamonas: May cause infections in humans
    • Rastonia: May cause infections in humans
    • Zyomonas: May cause infections in humans
    • Sphingomonas: May cause infections in humans
    • Stenotrophomonas: May cause infections in humans

    Burkholderia pseudomallei - Melioidosis

    • Occurs as a saprophyte in parts of Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and North Australia
    • Found in soil, water, rice paddies, with long-term environmental survival (14 years)
    • Causes severe infections in animals and humans in tropical countries, with a high case fatality rate
    • Infections:
      • Pulmonary disease
      • Cutaneous disease
      • Abscess
      • May be symptom-free for decades, with a longest period of 62 years between exposure and clinical presentation

    Burkholderia mallei - Glanders

    • Causes glanders in horses, rarely in humans
    • Endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
    • Biological weapon, with low infectious dose, easy to produce, and high mortality rate
    • Glanders symptoms:
      • Cutaneous ulcer
      • Ulceration and formation
      • Pulmonary abscesses
      • Septicaemia

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