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Questions and Answers
What is the primary habitat of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
What is the primary habitat of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
- Soil and water (correct)
- Human skin and respiratory tract
- Water and rice paddies
- Blood bank products
What is the case fatality rate of melioidosis in some tropical countries?
What is the case fatality rate of melioidosis in some tropical countries?
- 20-35%
- 10-20%
- ~35-75% (correct)
- 80-90%
What is the longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis?
What is the longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis?
- 20 years
- 30 years
- 40 years
- ~62 years (correct)
Which phylum does the Pseudomonadaceae family belong to?
Which phylum does the Pseudomonadaceae family belong to?
What is the main difference between Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei?
What is the main difference between Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei?
What is the term used to describe the delayed presentation of melioidosis?
What is the term used to describe the delayed presentation of melioidosis?
What is the primary mechanism of immune evasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the primary mechanism of immune evasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pseudomonadaceae?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pseudomonadaceae?
What is the name of the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei?
What is the name of the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei?
What is the primary function of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the primary function of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the minimum duration of environmental survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
What is the minimum duration of environmental survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Which genus is closely related to Pseudomonas?
Which genus is closely related to Pseudomonas?
What is the risk factor that increases the severity of melioidosis?
What is the risk factor that increases the severity of melioidosis?
What is the primary site of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans?
What is the primary site of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans?
What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following is a common feature of opportunistic pathogens?
Which of the following is a common feature of opportunistic pathogens?
What is the percentage of faecal carriage rates in vegetarians?
What is the percentage of faecal carriage rates in vegetarians?
Which of the following can Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiply in?
Which of the following can Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiply in?
What is the primary source of infection for Pseudomonas fluorescens?
What is the primary source of infection for Pseudomonas fluorescens?
Which of the following is a non-pathogenic species of Pseudomonas?
Which of the following is a non-pathogenic species of Pseudomonas?
What is the primary target of infection for Burkholderia cepacia?
What is the primary target of infection for Burkholderia cepacia?
Which of the following is a rare cause of endotoxic shock?
Which of the following is a rare cause of endotoxic shock?
What is the primary disease caused by Burkholderia mallei?
What is the primary disease caused by Burkholderia mallei?
What is the primary use of API 20NE assimilation tests?
What is the primary use of API 20NE assimilation tests?
Which of the following genera is associated with glanders?
Which of the following genera is associated with glanders?
What is a unique characteristic of glanders?
What is a unique characteristic of glanders?
Which animal species are commonly affected by glanders?
Which animal species are commonly affected by glanders?
What is a common symptom of glanders?
What is a common symptom of glanders?
Where was glanders eradicated in 1906?
Where was glanders eradicated in 1906?
What is a suspected reason for an outbreak of glanders in a Chinese village in 1942-3?
What is a suspected reason for an outbreak of glanders in a Chinese village in 1942-3?
What has led to an increase in bacteraemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related pseudomonads over the last 30 years?
What has led to an increase in bacteraemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related pseudomonads over the last 30 years?
What is a common occupation of people who are at risk of contracting glanders?
What is a common occupation of people who are at risk of contracting glanders?
What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Where can Pseudomonas aeruginosa be found in hospital environments?
Where can Pseudomonas aeruginosa be found in hospital environments?
What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the function of elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following is an opportunistic pathogen related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following is an opportunistic pathogen related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the effect of the capsule on Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the effect of the capsule on Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.
Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
The genus Stenotrophomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
The genus Stenotrophomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.
Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.
Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 10 years.
Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 10 years.
Diabetes is a risk factor that decreases the severity of melioidosis.
Diabetes is a risk factor that decreases the severity of melioidosis.
Pulmonary disease is a rare manifestation of melioidosis.
Pulmonary disease is a rare manifestation of melioidosis.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in animals in Southeast Asia.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in animals in Southeast Asia.
The longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis is 20 years.
The longest recorded period between exposure and clinical presentation of melioidosis is 20 years.
Pseudomonas syringae is a model opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas syringae is a model opportunistic pathogen.
Burkholderia cepacia is a poor pathogen that can grow at 4°C.
Burkholderia cepacia is a poor pathogen that can grow at 4°C.
Xanthamonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Xanthamonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Rastonia is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Rastonia is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.
Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are higher in non-vegetarians.
Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are higher in non-vegetarians.
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.
API 20NE assimilation tests are used to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aviation fuel.
API 20NE assimilation tests are used to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aviation fuel.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a primary pathogen of plants.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a primary pathogen of plants.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a pathogen of animals.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a pathogen of animals.
Burkholderia is a genus that can cause infections in both humans and animals.
Burkholderia is a genus that can cause infections in both humans and animals.
Xanthomonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Xanthomonas is a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in soil and water.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in soil and water.
Pseudomonas marginalis is a pathogen of humans.
Pseudomonas marginalis is a pathogen of humans.
The Pseudomonadaceae family includes only the genus Pseudomonas.
The Pseudomonadaceae family includes only the genus Pseudomonas.
Pseudomonas syringae is a pathogen of animals.
Pseudomonas syringae is a pathogen of animals.
Burkholderia mallei is a biological weapon.
Burkholderia mallei is a biological weapon.
Glanders can be eradicated from a region in a short period of time.
Glanders can be eradicated from a region in a short period of time.
Pulmonary abscesses are a symptom of glanders.
Pulmonary abscesses are a symptom of glanders.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not an opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not an opportunistic pathogen.
Burkholderia mallei causes melioidosis.
Burkholderia mallei causes melioidosis.
Xanthamonas is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Xanthamonas is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in urine.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in urine.
Glanders has been eradicated globally.
Glanders has been eradicated globally.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.
Melioidosis has a low case fatality rate in some tropical countries.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Firmicutes.
Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 14 years.
Burkholderia pseudomallei can survive in the environment for up to 14 years.
Glanders is a disease that primarily affects humans.
Glanders is a disease that primarily affects humans.
Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of melioidosis.
Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of melioidosis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia is a genus that is part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can only cause pneumonia in humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can only cause pneumonia in humans.
Glanders has been eradicated in all parts of the world.
Glanders has been eradicated in all parts of the world.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is primarily found in soil and water in North America.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Actinobacteria.
The Pseudomonadaceae family belongs to the Phylum Actinobacteria.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a facultative anaerobe.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a facultative anaerobe.
The genus Rastonia is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
The genus Rastonia is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that stimulates an inflammatory response.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that stimulates an inflammatory response.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
The genus Zyomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
The genus Zyomonas is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species of Burkholderia.
Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species of Burkholderia.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a single mechanism of pathogenesis.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Pyocyanin is a siderophore that inhibits protein synthesis.
Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Burkholderia is a genus that is not part of the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-opportunistic pathogen.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Xanthomonas is not a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can multiply in nutritionally rich environments only.
Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are between 5-10% in vegetarians.
Faecal carriage rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are between 5-10% in vegetarians.
Rastonia is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Rastonia is a genus within the Pseudomonadaceae family.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a poor pathogen that can only grow at 4°C.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a poor pathogen that can only grow at 4°C.
Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species.
Burkholderia cepacia is a non-pathogenic species.
API 20NE assimilation tests are used to diagnose melioidosis.
API 20NE assimilation tests are used to diagnose melioidosis.
Stenotrophomonas is not a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Stenotrophomonas is not a genus that can cause infections in humans.
Study Notes
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Can multiply in nutritionally poor environments, such as aviation fuel, distilled water, photographic chemicals, cosmetics, and plasticisers.
- Faecal carriage rates are between 15% and 25%, with higher rates in vegetarians.
Pseudomonas and Related Genera
- Many genera and species within the group, including Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.
- Aside from Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas can also cause infections in humans.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections
- Opportunistic: exploits failings in host defences to initiate infection.
- Can cause infections in immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients.
Burkholderia Pseudomallei - Melioidosis
- Occurs as a saprophyte in parts of Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and North Australia.
- Found in soil, water, and rice paddies, with long-term environmental survival (up to 14 years).
- Causes severe infections in animals and humans in some tropical countries, with a 20% case fatality rate in Thailand.
Infections Caused by Pseudomonas and Related Genera
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa: opportunistic infections in humans, including immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients.
- Burkholderia cepacia: opportunistic infections in CF lung patients.
- Burkholderia mallei: causes glanders in horses and rarely in humans.
- Burkholderia pseudomallei: causes melioidosis in humans and farm animals in tropical countries.
Characteristics of Pseudomonadaceae
- Gram-negative.
- Polar flagella.
- Strictly aerobic (except for Zyomonas).
- Many genera and species within the group, including Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Multifactorial, with no single mechanism.
- Structural factors: adhesins, pili, EPS, LPS, capsule, and pyocyanin.
- Pyocyanin: impairs ciliary function, stimulates inflammatory response, and is a siderophore.
- Exotoxins: inhibit protein synthesis and cause tissue damage.
- Enzymes: elastase, protease, and haemolysins.
Survival of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Can survive in hospital environments, including mops, sinks, toilets, dialysis equipment, respiratory tubing, and cut flowers.
Pseudomonadaceae and Opportunistic Pathogens
- The Pseudomonadaceae family includes diverse genera such as Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthamonas, Rastonia, Zyomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.
- These bacteria are Gram-negative, have polar flagella, and are strictly aerobic.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that exploits weakened host defenses to initiate infection.
Characteristics of P. aeruginosa
- Has a capsule that evades immune cells and antibiotics
- Produces pyocyanin, which impairs ciliary function, stimulates an inflammatory response, and is a siderophore
- Secrete exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis and cause tissue damage
- Has adhesins, pili, EPS, and LPS, which contribute to its pathogenesis
- Causes a range of infections, including gastrointestinal, skin, and soft tissue infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals
Environmental Significance of Pseudomonads
- Ubiquitous in the environment, found in soil, decaying organic matter, vegetation, and water
- Can multiply in nutritionally poor environments, such as distilled water and photographic chemicals
- Faecal carriage rates are between 15-25%
Pseudomonas syringae
- A plant pathogen that causes wilt diseases in many cultivated plants, including potatoes and tomatoes
- Causes chlorosis and necrotic legions on leaves
Burkholderia
- Burkholderia cepacia can cause opportunistic infections in cystic fibrosis patients
- Burkholderia mallei causes glanders in horses and rarely in humans
- Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis in humans and animals, particularly in Southeast Asia and tropical regions
Melioidosis
- Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which survives for long periods in soil and water
- Causes severe infections in animals and humans, with a high case fatality rate
- Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades
- Can be a biological weapon due to its low infectious dose and high mortality rate
Pseudomonadaceae & Other Opportunistic Pathogens
- The Pseudomonadaceae family includes a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria, with a focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Classification of Pseudomonadaceae
- Domain: Bacteria
- Phylum: Proteobacteria
- Class: Beta and Gamma
- Order: Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales
- Family: Burkholderiaceae and Pseudomonadaceae
- Genus: Burkholderia and Pseudomonas
- Species: cepacia and aeruginosa
Characteristics of Pseudomonadaceae
- Gram-negative
- Polar flagella
- Strictly aerobic
- Many genera and species within the group, including:
- Pseudomonas
- Burkholderia
- Xanthamonas
- Rastonia
- Zyomonas
- Sphingomonas
- Stenotrophomonas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Causes infections in humans, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, cystic fibrosis patients, and burns patients
- Ubiquitous, can multiply in nutritionally poor environments
- Faecal carriage rates are between 15-25% (higher in vegetarians)
- Pathogenesis: No single mechanism – multifactorial
- Structurally, P. aeruginosa has:
- Adhesins / pili / EPS / LPS
- Capsule (evades immune cells & antibiotics)
- Pyocyanin: impairs ciliary function, stimulates inflammatory response, and is a siderophore
- Exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis, cause tissue damage
- Cytotoxin: Leukocyte damage, pulmonary injury
- Enzymes: Elastase, protease, haemolysins
Other Opportunistic Pathogens
- Burkholderia cepacia: Opportunistic infection in CF lung infections
- Burkholderia mallei: Glanders in horses, rarely in humans
- Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis in humans and farm animals, particularly in tropical countries
- Pseudomonas syringae: Plant pathogen, environmental significance
Pseudomonas syringae
- Plant pathogen, environmental significance
- Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pH-afIrfUbQ
Other Genera Causing Infections
- Burkholderia: Opportunistic infection in CF lung infections
- Xanthamonas: May cause infections in humans
- Rastonia: May cause infections in humans
- Zyomonas: May cause infections in humans
- Sphingomonas: May cause infections in humans
- Stenotrophomonas: May cause infections in humans
Burkholderia pseudomallei - Melioidosis
- Occurs as a saprophyte in parts of Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and North Australia
- Found in soil, water, rice paddies, with long-term environmental survival (14 years)
- Causes severe infections in animals and humans in tropical countries, with a high case fatality rate
- Infections:
- Pulmonary disease
- Cutaneous disease
- Abscess
- May be symptom-free for decades, with a longest period of 62 years between exposure and clinical presentation
Burkholderia mallei - Glanders
- Causes glanders in horses, rarely in humans
- Endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
- Biological weapon, with low infectious dose, easy to produce, and high mortality rate
- Glanders symptoms:
- Cutaneous ulcer
- Ulceration and formation
- Pulmonary abscesses
- Septicaemia
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Description
Learn about the Pseudomonadaceae family, focusing on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its clinical significance, and environmental impact of Pseudomonas syringae.
